{ "dataset": "Pakistan Stratigraphy Explorer — Kohat-Potwar Basin (Upper Indus)", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin (Upper Indus)", "provinces": [ "Kohat Basin", "Potwar Basin", "Salt Range" ], "source": "https://stratigraphy.pk", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-10-07", "count": 67, "units": [ { "id": "amb-formation", "name": "Amb Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/amb-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Wordian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Amb, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.5084, 71.9365", "lat": 32.5084, "lng": 71.9365, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Dark grey to black shale with thin limestone interbeds", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods (Productus); Crinoids; Bryozoans; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Lower Productus Limestone", "economic": "Produces (with the Wargal Limestone) in the Dhurnal field.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Sardhai Formation", "underlies": "Wargal Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "baghanwala-formation", "name": "Baghanwala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baghanwala-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Miaolingian", "age": "early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1878) 'Pseudomorph Salt Crystal Zone'; Noetling (1894) 'Baghanwala Group'; Holland (1926) 'Salt Pseudomorph beds'; Pascoe (1959) 'Baghanwala Stage'", "typeLocality": "Baghanwala village, eastern Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6611, 73.2556", "lat": 32.6611, "lng": 73.2556, "thickness": "50-80 m", "lithology": "Red shale alternated with flaggy sandstone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, arid coastal", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trace fossils; Trilobites (rare)", "synonyms": "Salt Pseudomorph Beds", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Jutana Formation", "underlies": "Khisor Formation/Tobra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "bahadurkhel-salt", "name": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bahadurkhel-salt", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Meissner et al. (1968), for the 'Kohat Saline Series' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Bahadurkhel, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.1762, 70.9525", "lat": 33.1762, "lng": 70.9525, "thickness": "50-300 m", "lithology": "Rock salt, gypsum, shale", "lithologyType": "salt", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic, sabkha", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Bahadur Khel Salt", "economic": "The largest rock-salt (halite) resource of the Kohat Basin and a principal salt-mining source in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Bahadur Khel-Karak salt mines).", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Shekhan Formation", "underlies": "Jatta Gypsum", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "chak-jabbi-limestone", "name": "Chak Jabbi Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chak-jabbi-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic", "age": "Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian; ~246.7-237.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1972)", "typeLocality": "Near Bagh village, Kalachitta Range (Kohat-Margala Province); reference section 1 km ESE of Bagh village", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30 m (type section)", "lithology": "Thin- to medium-bedded (15-60 cm) grey, brownish-grey-weathering sub-lithographic limestone; slope-forming; unfossiliferous.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Chak Jabbi Formation", "economic": "Raw material for cement; mined in the lowest beds exposed east of the Hattar Cement Factory.", "economicResources": "Cement & lime", "overlies": "Mianwali Formation", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chashmai-formation", "name": "Chashmai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chashmai-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chashmai, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Clastic facies — sandstone and shale — of the Eocene Kohat succession.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Sparse fauna", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Panoba Formation", "underlies": "Gurguri Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chhidru-formation", "name": "Chhidru Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chhidru-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Lopingian", "age": "Late Permian (Changhsingian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Chhidru, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.5433, 71.7736", "lat": 32.5433, "lng": 71.7736, "thickness": "60-120 m", "lithology": "Grey to greenish sandstone, siltstone, limestone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, middle to inner shelf, subtidal-intertidal", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Last Paleozoic brachiopods; Ammonoids; Diminished fauna near top; Acritarchs; Tasmanitids", "synonyms": "Chidru Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wargal Limestone", "underlies": "Mianwali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "chichali-formation", "name": "Chichali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chichali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic-Cretaceous", "epoch": "Tithonian-Berriasian", "age": "Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Danilchik (1961)", "typeLocality": "Chichali Pass in Surghar", "coordinates": "33.0031, 71.4042", "lat": 33.0031, "lng": 71.4042, "thickness": "12-70 m", "lithology": "Dark greenish grey glauconitic sandstone, glauconitic shale", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites", "synonyms": "Belemnite Beds; Spiti Shale", "economic": "Phosphorite (rock phosphate) has been reported from the Chichali Formation near Kohat, but low phosphate content makes it of little economic value.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Samana Suk Formation", "underlies": "Lumshiwal Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 15 }, { "id": "chinji-formation", "name": "Chinji Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chinji-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene (Serravallian-Tortonian)", "introducedBy": "Lewis (1937)", "typeLocality": "Chinji village, Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "32.6604, 72.3755", "lat": 32.6604, "lng": 72.3755, "thickness": "500-800 m", "lithology": "Red clay and sandstone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, floodplain", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Sivapithecus; Giraffokeryx; Lower Siwalik ('Chinji') mammal fauna", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kamlial Formation", "underlies": "Nagri Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 14 }, { "id": "chorgali-formation", "name": "Chorgali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chorgali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "late Early to Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Pascoe (1920)", "typeLocality": "Chor Gali Pass", "coordinates": "33.439322, 72.683902", "lat": 33.439322, "lng": 72.683902, "thickness": "30–140 m", "lithology": "Shale, limestone, gypsum", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine, restricted", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Rotalia crookshankiana", "synonyms": "Bhadrar Beds", "economic": "One of the main dolomite-bearing units of the foreland fold-and-thrust belt; its partly dolomitised limestone carries a bituminous (hydrocarbon) odour and the unit is significant in Potwar petroleum geology.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Sakesar Formation", "underlies": "Kuldana Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "dandot-formation", "name": "Dandot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dandot-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Sakmarian)", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1901)", "typeLocality": "Dandot, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6584, 72.9549", "lat": 32.6584, "lng": 72.9549, "thickness": "50 m (type locality, Dandot area)", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range", "fossils": "Eurydesma; Conularia; Discina; Martiniopsis; Chonetes; Neochonetes", "synonyms": "Conularia Beds; Conularia-Eurydesma Beds; Dandot Group", "economic": "Good source rock (dark-grey shales with coaly partings); well-sorted siltstone/sandstone may form local reservoirs; flowed oil (Tobra–Dandot/Warcha) in the Adhi field.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir; Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Tobra Formation", "underlies": "Warchha Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "datta-formation", "name": "Datta Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/datta-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic", "age": "Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian)", "introducedBy": "Danilchik (1961), renaming the 'Variegated Stage' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Datta Nala, Surghar Range", "coordinates": "33.0000, 71.3167", "lat": 33, "lng": 71.3167, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Variegated shale, sandstone, laterite, fire clay", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "continental, fluvial, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Plant fossils; Coal traces; Freshwater bivalves", "synonyms": "Variegated Beds", "economic": "Source of refractory fire clay and coal; the 'Datta Sands' are an important gas/condensate reservoir in the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Kingriali Formation", "underlies": "Shinawari Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 15 }, { "id": "dhok-pathan-formation", "name": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dhok-pathan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene-Pliocene", "age": "Late Miocene to Early Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Dhok Pathan village", "coordinates": "33.1302, 72.3470", "lat": 33.1302, "lng": 72.347, "thickness": "1,330–2,000 m", "lithology": "Grey and brown sandstone with clay interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Selenoportax vexillarius; Bramatherium perimense", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nagri Formation", "underlies": "Tatrot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 16 }, { "id": "domanda-formation", "name": "Domanda Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/domanda-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "West of Domanda", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "130–330 m", "lithology": "Dark-brown to greenish-grey claystone with limestone intercalations and subordinate calcareous sandstone in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Nummulites beaumonti; Nummulites subbeaumonti; Alveolina elliptica; Dictyoconoides cooki", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts Late Eocene coal (Rakhni, Nisau, Mahoi, Zain and Rakhi Munh areas) and a laterally extensive gypsum bed; celestite occurs just below the Domanda gypsum in the southern Sulaiman Foldbelt.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Salt & evaporites; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Habib Rahi Formation", "underlies": "Pirkoh Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "drazinda-formation", "name": "Drazinda Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/drazinda-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "Northeast of Drazinda", "coordinates": "31.7667, 70.1500", "lat": 31.7667, "lng": 70.15, "thickness": "15–500 m", "lithology": "Brown to grey clay with subordinate fossiliferous marl and limestone interbeds and, in the middle part, grey calcareous sandstone; locally with celestite nodules in the north.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Bivalves; Bryozoans; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts celestite (strontium sulphate) nodules in the northern Sulaiman Range.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Pirkoh Formation", "underlies": "Chitarwatta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "gurguri-formation", "name": "Gurguri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gurguri-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Gurguri, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Shale, sandstone, minor limestone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "continental, paralic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Mollusks", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Forms part of the productive Eocene clastic reservoir intervals of the Kohat sub-basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Chorgali Formation", "underlies": "Shekhan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "habib-rahi-formation", "name": "Habib Rahi Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/habib-rahi-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Tainsh (1959)", "typeLocality": "North of Zampost, Zhob–Dera Ismail Khan road", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "15–150 m", "lithology": "Greyish-brown, thin- to thick-bedded or massive, hard argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with nodules and cherty beds.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Larger foraminifera (Nummulites, Assilina); Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "An Eocene limestone reservoir unit of the Sulaiman gas province.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Baska Formation", "underlies": "Domanda Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "hangu-formation", "name": "Hangu Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hangu-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Paleocene", "age": "Latest Cretaceous to Early Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Davies (1930)", "typeLocality": "South of Fort Lockhart, Samana Range", "coordinates": "33.55, 70.92", "lat": 33.55, "lng": 70.92, "thickness": "15–150 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, grey shale, coal, laterite", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "terrestrial, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Miscellanea miscella; Lockhartia haimei; Lockhartia conditi; Lepidocyclina punjabensis; Operculina canalifera; Daviesina longhami", "synonyms": "Dhak Pass Beds", "economic": "Hosts the economically important Makarwal coal seams in its lower part; laterite–bauxite also occurs at its basal unconformity (Chhoi–Akhori).", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Indus Formation", "underlies": "Lockhart Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "indus-formation", "name": "Indus Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/indus-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kotli area, southern Azad Kashmir", "coordinates": "33.5156, 73.9019", "lat": 33.5156, "lng": 73.9019, "thickness": "10-50 m", "lithology": "Continental laterite, bauxite and pisolitic ironstone beds (best developed in the Kotli area of Azad Kashmir); partly marine northward near Muzaffarabad.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "continental, marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Rare plant fossils; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of bauxite and laterite in the Kotli area of Azad Kashmir.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Kawagarh Formation", "underlies": "Hangu Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "jatta-gypsum", "name": "Jatta Gypsum", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jatta-gypsum", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early to Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Meissner et al. (1968), for the upper 'Kohat Series' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Jatta, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.3333, 71.2833", "lat": 33.3333, "lng": 71.2833, "thickness": "50-200 m", "lithology": "Gypsum, anhydrite, shale", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic, sabkha", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major gypsum/anhydrite resource of the Kohat Basin, quarried for cement and plaster.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "underlies": "Kahan Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "jutana-formation", "name": "Jutana Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jutana-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Series 2-Miaolingian", "age": "late Early to early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Jutana village, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.7000, 72.8700", "lat": 32.7, "lng": 72.87, "thickness": "100-150 m", "lithology": "Dolomite, dolomitic limestone, shale", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobites (Redlichia noetlingi); Brachiopods (Lingulella fuchsia, Botsfordia granulata); Gastropods", "synonyms": "Magnesian Sandstone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kussak Formation", "underlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "kahan-group", "name": "Kahan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kahan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Khan (2009); type section Malkani (2010)", "typeLocality": "Kahan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Basal Jatta Gypsum overlain by the Habib Rahi, Domanda, Pirkoh and Drazinda limestone-and-shale formations.", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "shallow marine, evaporitic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Jatta Gypsum is a major gypsum resource; the Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones are gas reservoirs.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kamlial-formation", "name": "Kamlial Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kamlial-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Middle to Late Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene (Burdigalian-Tortonian; ~18.2-9.4 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Pinfold (1918)", "typeLocality": "Southwest of Kamlial, Attock District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "90 m at type locality (range 50-580 m; 68-718 m in subsurface)", "lithology": "Purple-grey and dark brick-red, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone with hard purple shale interbeds and yellow/purple intraformational conglomerate; spheroidal weathering; heavy-mineral suite tourmaline-dominant (distinguishing it from the epidote-dominant Murree Formation).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Trilophodon cf. angustidens; Dinotherium indicum; Amphicyon cf. shahbazi; Hyaenaelurus lahirii; Anthracotherium sp.; Hemimeryx blanfordi; Listriodon cf. guptai; Listriodon pentapotomiae; Conohyus cf. sindiensis", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Murree Formation", "underlies": "Chinji Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "kargocha-formation", "name": "Kargocha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kargocha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Pliocene", "age": "Pliocene (magnetostratigraphic; ~3.2 Ma and younger, to the base of the Gauss chron)", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Bhittani, Marwat and Khasor Ranges, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Red-bed facies (mudstone-dominated), the local Trans-Indus equivalent of the Chinji lithofacies; sediment-accumulation rate ~60 cm/1000 yr.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Marwat Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 1 }, { "id": "kathwai-member", "name": "Kathwai Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kathwai-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~10 ft (3 m) SE of Paniala", "lithology": "Brown thin-bedded limestone (upper, ~3 ft) over reddish-brown massive calcareous dolomite (lower, ~7 ft), commonly crossbedded; base lateritic (a break in sedimentation).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chhidru Formation", "underlies": "Mittiwali Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "kawagarh-formation", "name": "Kawagarh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kawagarh-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Kawagarh hills north of Kala Chitta", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~123 m (Jabri reference section, Hazara)", "lithology": "Light grey to white limestone, marl, shale", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Globotruncana lapparenti; Globotruncana linneiana; Dicarinella carinata; Rugoglobigerina rugosa; Heterohelix globulosa; Globotruncanita stuartiformis", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Phosphorite occurs in the Kawagarh Formation near Chhoi in the Kalachitta Range, but is of little economic value owing to its low phosphate content.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Lumshiwal Formation", "underlies": "Hangu Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "khatkiara-sandstone", "name": "Khatkiara Sandstone Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khatkiara-sandstone", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "150 ft (46 m) SE of Paniala", "lithology": "Brown and white soft friable micaceous sandstone, fine to medium grained; dolomitic near the top with thin gray/black shale; disconformable conglomeratic base.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Landa Member", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "khewra-sandstone", "name": "Khewra Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khewra-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Terreneuvian", "age": "Early Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1894) as 'Khewra group'; Wynne (1878) 'Purple sandstone series'; formalized as Khewra Sandstone by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan, Fatmi (1973)", "typeLocality": "Khewra Gorge, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6486, 73.0111", "lat": 32.6486, "lng": 73.0111, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Purple to reddish-brown sandstone with cross-bedding", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobite trails (trace fossils); Skolithos burrows; Cruziana traces", "synonyms": "Purple Sandstone", "economic": "Dimension stone, aquifer", "economicResources": "Building stone; Groundwater", "overlies": "Salt Range Formation", "underlies": "Kussak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "khisor-formation", "name": "Khisor Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khisor-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Miaolingian", "age": "early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945) 'Gypsiferous Series'; Hussain (1960) 'Khisor gypsiferous beds'; formalized as Khisor Formation", "typeLocality": "Khisor Range", "coordinates": "32.3500, 71.2500", "lat": 32.35, "lng": 71.25, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Thick gypsum at base, shale in upper part", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Gypsum deposits", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Jutana Formation", "underlies": "Tobra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "kingriali-formation", "name": "Kingriali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kingriali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945); revised by Danilchik & Shah (1973)", "typeLocality": "Kingriali, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.2333, 71.0333", "lat": 32.2333, "lng": 71.0333, "thickness": "100-150 m", "lithology": "Dolomite, dolomitic limestone with cellular (honeycomb) weathering", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Megalodont bivalves; Gastropods; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Chak Jabbi Limestone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tredian Formation", "underlies": "Datta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "kirana-group", "name": "Kirana Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirana-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (870 ± 40 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirana Hills, Sargodha District, Punjab", "coordinates": "31.9500, 72.7000", "lat": 31.95, "lng": 72.7, "thickness": "Variable (inselberg remnants)", "lithology": "Rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, andesite, granite, diorite, gabbro", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Potwar Basin; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of building stone and aggregate", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Covered by alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "kirthar-group", "name": "Kirthar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirthar-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle–Late Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene (Lutetian–Bartonian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirthar Range / Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "Several hundred metres (variable across the Sulaiman and Kohat basins).", "lithology": "Alternating shelf limestone and shale (Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones; Domanda and Drazinda shales).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Larger benthic foraminifera (Nummulites, Assilina); Molluscs", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ghazij Group", "underlies": "Chitarwatta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 0 }, { "id": "kohat-formation", "name": "Kohat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kohat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene (Lutetian-Bartonian; ~46.66-38.54 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kohat-Khushalgarh Highway section", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "37-170 m in western Ko-MP, and only as thin slivers in Kalachitta area m", "lithology": "Limestone and Claystone. It consists of interbedded nummulitic limestone and shale, and is subdivided into two members:Kaladhand Member: It is composed predominantly of limestone, which is light grey, hard, compact and thin bedded with shale intercalations, particularly in the lower part. It contains abundant diagnostic Early Eocene forams, such as Orbitolites complanatus, Alveolina oblonga, Lind…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Assilina exponens; Nummulites beaumonti; Assilina cancellata; Assilina papillata; Assilina laminosa", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kuldana Formation", "underlies": "Murree Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "kuldana-formation", "name": "Kuldana Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kuldana-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Early to Middle Eocene (late Ypresian-Lutetian; shallow benthonic Zone SBZ13 or older)", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1874)", "typeLocality": "Kuldana", "coordinates": "33.92, 73.39", "lat": 33.92, "lng": 73.39, "thickness": "up to ~300 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl, sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, dolomite", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Pakicetus; Gandakasia; Ichthyolestes", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A local source of gypsum on the Potwar Plateau, mainly satisfying nearby agricultural needs rather than yielding the large, pure bodies of the Salt Range Formation.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Chorgali Formation", "underlies": "Murree Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "kussak-formation", "name": "Kussak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kussak-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Series 2", "age": "Early to early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1878) 'Obolus/Siphonotreta beds'; Waagen & Wynne (1895) 'Neobolus beds'; Noetling (1894) 'Kussak group'; formalized as Kussak Formation, Fatmi (1973)", "typeLocality": "Kussak Fort, eastern Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.7200, 72.9300", "lat": 32.72, "lng": 72.93, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Glauconitic and micaceous sandstone, siltstone, dolomite interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "tidal flat, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobites (Redlichia noetlingi); Brachiopods (Neobolus warthi, Lingulella); Hyolithes wynnei", "synonyms": "Neobolus Shales", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Khewra Sandstone", "underlies": "Jutana Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "landa-member", "name": "Landa Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/landa-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "115 ft (35 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Fine-grained greenish-gray sandstone, siltstone and green/gray shale; plant fossils common, brachiopods near the top.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Narmia Member", "underlies": "Khatkiara Sandstone Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "lei-conglomerate", "name": "Lei Conglomerate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lei-conglomerate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Gill (1952)", "typeLocality": "Lei Nala, Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "33.6007, 73.0679", "lat": 33.6007, "lng": 73.0679, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Boulder conglomerate, coarse gravel, sandstone", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "alluvial fan, fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Mammal fossils; Stegodon; Early Paleolithic artifacts", "synonyms": "Boulder Conglomerate; Mirpur Conglomerate; Kakra Conglomerate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "underlies": "Soan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "lockhart-limestone", "name": "Lockhart Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lockhart-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Middle to Late Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Davies (1930)", "typeLocality": "Near Fort Lockhart, Samana Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30–240 m", "lithology": "Dark grey nodular (rubbly) limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Operculina subsalsa; Miscellanea miscella; Miscellanea stampi; Lockhartia haimei; Lockhartia newboldi; Lepidocyclina punjabensis; Discocyclina ranikotensis", "synonyms": "Khairabad Limestone", "economic": "Quarried as cement rock in the shingled-thrust zone north of the Potwar Plateau; the formation also carries some coal seams, bauxite and clays.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Cement & lime; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Hangu Formation", "underlies": "Patala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "lumshiwal-sandstone", "name": "Lumshiwal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lumshiwal-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Lumshiwal Nala in the Surghar Range", "coordinates": "32.8500, 71.3000", "lat": 32.85, "lng": 71.3, "thickness": "~64-150 m (Surghar Range)", "lithology": "White to grey quartzose sandstone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "oysters", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The unconformity at the top of the Lumshiwal Formation (beneath the Paleocene Hangu Formation) hosts the Chhoi–Akhori laterite–bauxite deposits of the Kalachitta Hills.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Chichali Formation", "underlies": "Kawagarh Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "malagan-formation", "name": "Malagan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/malagan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene (Brunhes chron)", "introducedBy": "Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Trans-Indus ranges (Garhi Landa and other Bhittani/Marwat sections), NW Pakistan (Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Thin coarse brown sandstone and conglomerate; the uppermost Trans-Indus Siwalik unit.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 1 }, { "id": "margala-hill-limestone", "name": "Margala Hill Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/margala-hill-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Latif (1970); formalised in Shah (1977), Stratigraphy of Pakistan (GSP Memoir 12)", "typeLocality": "Margalla Hills near Islamabad; described from southeastern Hazara and the Kala Chitta Range", "coordinates": "33.73, 73.05", "lat": 33.73, "lng": 73.05, "thickness": "~73 m (Battlian, Muzaffarabad) to ~136 m (Kohala-Bala, Haripur); locally thinner", "lithology": "Grey to dark grey (weathering pale grey), nodular, medium- to thick-bedded and massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine carbonate ramp, Homoclinal ramp (proximal outer to inner ramp), Mid-ramp to lagoonal", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "Hazara and Kala Chitta ranges; Margalla Hills (Islamabad); Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Nummulites mamillatus; Nummulites atacicus; Assilina spinosa; Assilina laminosa; Assilina granulosa; Assilina exponens; Lockhartia tipperi; Lockhartia conditi; Alveolina; Operculina; Miliolids; Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "Margalla Hill Limestone (alternative spelling); Sakesar Limestone (lateral facies equivalent; treated as a synonym in GSP Memoir Vol. 24)", "economic": "Fractured carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir and outcrop analogue in the Kala Chitta-Margalla-Hazara petroleum province; also one of the principal cement-rock (limestone) sources of the Potwar Plateau area, quarried in large quantity where close to markets or rail lines (Drewes and others, 2007); used locally as building and aggregate stone.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Chorgali Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 8 }, { "id": "marwat-formation", "name": "Marwat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marwat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene-Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene (magnetostratigraphic; Gauss through Matuyama chrons)", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Marwat Range, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~1800 m (Bain Pass section)", "lithology": "Thick brown channel sandstones of the paleo-Indus, devoid of siltstone units (the local equivalent of the Nagri sandstone facies); sediment-accumulation rates ~65-102 cm/1000 yr within the Matuyama chron.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kargocha Formation", "underlies": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "mianwali-formation", "name": "Mianwali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mianwali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic (Induan-Olenekian)", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Mianwali District, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6300, 71.5500", "lat": 32.63, "lng": 71.55, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Grey limestone, dolomite, shale with thin-bedded appearance", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Claraia bivalves; Ophiceras ammonoids; Conodonts; Fish remains; Gyronites; Ambites; Proptychites; Koninckites; Vavilovites; Kingites", "synonyms": "Ceratite Beds", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chhidru Formation", "underlies": "Tredian Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "mittiwali-member", "name": "Mittiwali Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mittiwali-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "239 ft (73 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Brownish-gray ammonite-bearing limestone (upper), greenish-brown calcareous micaceous sandstone with green shale (middle), argillaceous limestone (base).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kathwai Member", "underlies": "Narmia Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "murree-formation", "name": "Murree Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/murree-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene (Aquitanian-Burdigalian)", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1874) 'Mari Group' / Lydekker (1876) 'Murree Beds' / Pilgrim (1910) 'Murree Series'; formalized by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan, from the Murree hills, Rawalpindi", "typeLocality": "Dhok Maiki, Murree Hills, Rawalpindi District", "coordinates": "33.417255, 72.569802", "lat": 33.417255, "lng": 72.569802, "thickness": "2000-3000 m", "lithology": "Red to purple sandstone and shale (molasse)", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Hazara Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Mammal bones; Freshwater molluscs; Plant fossils", "synonyms": "Mari Group; Murree Beds; Murree Series", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kuldana Formation", "underlies": "Kamlial Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "musakhel-group", "name": "Musakhel Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/musakhel-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early–Late Triassic", "age": "Permian–Triassic", "introducedBy": "Shah (2009)", "typeLocality": "Tredian hills in Mianwali district by Gee", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2m", "lithology": "Marine limestone and marl (Mianwali), fluvio-deltaic sandstone and shale (Tredian) and dolomitic limestone (Kingriali).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, deltaic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Ammonoids (Ceratites); Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "nagri-formation", "name": "Nagri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nagri-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian)", "introducedBy": "Lewis (1937)", "typeLocality": "Nagri (Sethi Nagri), Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "500-700 m", "lithology": "Grey sandstone with red clay interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Middle Siwalik mammal fauna; Hipparionine (three-toed) horses", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chinji Formation", "underlies": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 16 }, { "id": "nammal-formation", "name": "Nammal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nammal-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Nammal Gorge, western Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6700, 71.8000", "lat": 32.67, "lng": 71.8, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl and limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Nannofossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Sakesar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "narmia-member", "name": "Narmia Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/narmia-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early-Middle Triassic", "age": "Early-Middle Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "249 ft (76 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Gray-brown crystalline argillaceous limestone with abundant ammonites and interbedded fine- to medium-grained calcareous sandstone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mittiwali Member", "underlies": "Landa Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "nilawahan-group", "name": "Nilawahan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nilawahan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian (Cisuralian)", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gee (in Pascoe 1959)", "typeLocality": "Tobra", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~350 m (Salt Range)", "lithology": "Gondwana glacial-to-fluvial clastics: Tobra tillite and diamictite, Dandot and Warchha sandstones, and Sardhai shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "glacial, fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Protohaploxypinus sp; Chonetes sp; Eurydesma; Conularia", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Warchha Sandstone is a dimension/building stone; the group carries Gondwana fire-clay and coal locally.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Building stone", "overlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "underlies": "Amb Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "panoba-formation", "name": "Panoba Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panoba-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Eames (1952)", "typeLocality": "South of Panoba village, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.6167, 71.5833", "lat": 33.6167, "lng": 71.5833, "thickness": "40 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl with gypsum interbeds", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Globorotalia aequa; Globorotalia quadrata; Assilina pustulosa; Orbitolites complanatus; Nummulites sp.; Operculina sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Part of the salt-and-gypsum-bearing Eocene succession of the Kohat Plateau; it grades southward into the Bahadur Khel Salt and is itself gypsiferous.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Shekhan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "patala-formation", "name": "Patala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/patala-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Late Paleocene (Thanetian)", "introducedBy": "Davies and Pinfold (1937)", "typeLocality": "Patala Nala, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6700, 71.8500", "lat": 32.67, "lng": 71.85, "thickness": "50-200 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl, limestone and sandstone, with coal in the lower part.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Calcareous nannofossils; Dinoflagellates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Coal-bearing in the Salt Range (Patala coal) and an important hydrocarbon source rock of the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Coal & lignite; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Lockhart Limestone", "underlies": "Nammal Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "pirkoh-formation", "name": "Pirkoh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pirkoh-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "Pirkoh anticline", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "10–175 m", "lithology": "Brown, grey to white, thin-bedded limestone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and dark-grey calcareous claystone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Gastropods; Bivalves; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Pirkoh Limestone is a significant gas reservoir (Pirkoh gas field).", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Domanda Formation", "underlies": "Drazinda Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "sakesar-formation", "name": "Sakesar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sakesar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Gee in Fermor (1935); age-diagnostic larger foraminifera established by Davies and Pinfold (1937)", "typeLocality": "Sakesar Peak, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.53, 71.93", "lat": 32.53, "lng": 71.93, "thickness": "~30 to 150 m across the Salt Range (locally as thin as ~18 m at Nammal Gorge); up to ~220 m at Chichali Pass and over 300 m in parts of the Surghar Range", "lithology": "Light grey to off-white, thin- to thick-bedded, nodular to massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale, and chert nodules common in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine, Subtidal, Inner to middle carbonate ramp", "basin": "", "region": "Salt Range and Surghar Range (Upper Indus Basin)", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Nummulites mamillatus; Nummulites atacicus; Assilina spinosa; Assilina granulosa; Assilina laminosa; Alveolina; Lockhartia tipperi; Lockhartia conditi; Discocyclina; Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "Margala Hill Limestone (lateral facies equivalent; treated as a synonym in GSP Memoir Vol. 24)", "economic": "Cement raw material and construction aggregate; fractured carbonate reservoir and outcrop analogue in the Potwar-Salt Range petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Nammal Formation", "underlies": "Chorgali Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 6 }, { "id": "salt-range-formation", "name": "Salt Range Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/salt-range-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Ediacaran", "epoch": "Ediacaran", "age": "Late Precambrian (Ediacaran)", "introducedBy": "Asrarullah (1967)", "typeLocality": "Khewra, Salt Range, Punjab", "coordinates": "32.6486, 73.0111", "lat": 32.6486, "lng": 73.0111, "thickness": "800-1500 m", "lithology": "Rock salt (Billianwala Salt Member), gypsum (Bandar Kas Gypsum Member), marl (Sahwal Marl Member)", "lithologyType": "salt", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Stromatolites; Algal mats", "synonyms": "Punjab Saline Series; Saline Series", "economic": "Major source of rock salt (Khewra Salt Mine), gypsum, and potential oil shales", "economicResources": "Source rock; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Khewra Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "samana-suk-formation", "name": "Samana Suk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/samana-suk-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Samana Suk peak, Samana Range, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Massive grey limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Corals; Brachiopods; Echinoids; Foraminifera; Algae", "synonyms": "Baroch Limestone", "economic": "A widespread Jurassic carbonate reservoir target in the Upper Indus Basin; also quarried for aggregate and cement raw material.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Shinawari Formation", "underlies": "Chichali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 17 }, { "id": "sardhi-formation", "name": "Sardhai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sardhi-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Kungurian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sardhai Gorge, central Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6500, 72.4500", "lat": 32.65, "lng": 72.45, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, siltstone, shale with marine fauna", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Bryozoans; Crinoids", "synonyms": "Sardhai; Sardhi Formation (OCR/alternative spelling)", "economic": "Gypsum-bearing (worked locally, chiefly for agricultural use) and — with the Warchha Sandstone — a sedimentary host of the sub-economic 'speckled sandstone' base-metal shows near Sanwans and Ghundi in the Mianwali area, where copper and tin minerals occur in sandy shale beds. Concentrations are low and erratically distributed; potential rated low.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Warchha Sandstone", "underlies": "Amb Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "shekhan-formation", "name": "Shekhan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shekhan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Davies (1926b); raised to formation rank by Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "Shekhan, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~32 to 44 m (Sheikhan Nala and Panoba sections); age-diagnostic foraminiferal zone ~9 to 30 m", "lithology": "Compacted, yellowish-grey, medium- to thin-bedded fossiliferous limestone with shale partings, plus subordinate shale and sandstone; micrite-dominated.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine carbonate shelf, Inner ramp", "basin": "", "region": "Kohat sub-basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Orbitolites complanatus; Alveolina oblonga; Alveolina vredenburgi; Assilina daviesi; Assilina laminosa; Assilina dandotica; Nummulites atacicus; Corals; Gastropods; Echinoids; Discocyclina dispensa; Discocyclina fortsi; Assilina exponens; Nummulites", "synonyms": "Sheikhan Limestone (alternative spelling); Drug Formation (Sulaiman Basin), lateral equivalent; Sakesar / Margala Hill Limestone (Potwar and Hazara), lateral equivalent", "economic": "Studied as a fractured carbonate reservoir target in the Kohat Basin; spatially associated with the Bahadurkhel (Kohat) evaporite system.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Gurguri Formation", "underlies": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "sheri-gasha-formation", "name": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sheri-gasha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene-Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Bhittani Range, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 400 m", "lithology": "Sandstone with a higher siltstone/sandstone ratio than the underlying Marwat Formation (the local equivalent of the Dhok Pathan facies).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marwat Formation", "underlies": "Malagan Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "shinawari-formation", "name": "Shinawari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shinawari-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Shinawari area, western Samana Range, Kohat District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "20-50 m", "lithology": "Marine shale with sandstone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, lagoon, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites; Bivalves; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Basal beds and part of the Shinawari are believed to be fair source rocks of the Jurassic in the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Source rock", "overlies": "Datta Formation", "underlies": "Samana Suk Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "siwalik-group", "name": "Siwalik Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/siwalik-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "age": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~4,500 m in foredeep areas (Sulaiman Foredeep, Sibi and Karachi Troughs, Karachi Embayment)", "lithology": "Sandstones with alternating argillaceous (mudstone/siltstone) bands — fluvial outwash molasse.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "soan-formation", "name": "Soan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/soan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "120-450 m in Trans Indus-Potwar Province (TrI-PP) m", "lithology": "Boulder conglomerate, sandstone, silt", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Stegodon rathiansis", "synonyms": "Suan", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pinjor Formation", "underlies": "alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "surghar-group", "name": "Surghar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/surghar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early–Middle Jurassic", "age": "Early–Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Shah (1980)", "typeLocality": "Data Nala in Surghar range by Danilchik", "coordinates": "32.9000, 71.3000", "lat": 32.9, "lng": 71.3, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Terrestrial sandstone, shale, fire-clay and glass sand (Datta), marl-shale-limestone (Shinawari) and the massive Samana Suk Limestone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "continental, shallow marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites (Bouleiceras); Brachiopods; Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Datta Formation is Pakistan's main source of refractory fire-clay and glass/silica sand; the Samana Suk Limestone is a building stone.", "economicResources": "Building stone; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "tobra-formation", "name": "Tobra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tobra-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)", "introducedBy": "Hussain (1967)", "typeLocality": "Tobra Nala, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6300, 72.3500", "lat": 32.63, "lng": 72.35, "thickness": "30-150 m", "lithology": "Tillite, diamictite, boulder beds with striated clasts", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "glacial, glaciofluvial", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Glossopteris; Gangamopteris; Rare marine fauna in interbeds", "synonyms": "Talchir Boulder Bed", "economic": "Local reservoir (primary + dissolution porosity; fractured sandstones); flowed oil in the Adhi field. Typical Rw ~0.04 ohm-m, salinity ~85,000 ppm NaCl. Top Tobra is a strong, laterally continuous seismic reflector in East Potwar.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "underlies": "Dandot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "tredian-formation", "name": "Tredian Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tredian-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic", "age": "Middle Triassic (Anisian)", "introducedBy": "Kummel (1966), after E.R. Gee", "typeLocality": "Tredian, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6600, 71.8300", "lat": 32.66, "lng": 71.83, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Red and purple sandstone with green mottling", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "deltaic, continental, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Plant fragments; Vertebrate bones (rare)", "synonyms": "Kingriali Sandstone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mianwali Formation", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "warcha-formation", "name": "Warchha Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/warcha-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Artinskian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Warcha, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6628, 72.6939", "lat": 32.6628, "lng": 72.6939, "thickness": "30 m (eastern Salt Range) to 155 m (western Salt Range)", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, coastal, estuarine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Bryozoans", "synonyms": "Speckled Sandstone; Warchha Group (part); Warcha Formation", "economic": "The arkosic 'speckled sandstone' hosts sub-economic sedimentary copper, lead and tin shows northeast of Mianwali and north of Nilawahan Gorge — copper as chalcopyrite and malachite, tin as stannite, cassiterite and native tin — and carries local poor-quality coal seams. Preliminary trench sampling (~300 samples in 15 trenches; Gilani 1981) was not encouraging and base-metal potential is rated low.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Dandot Formation", "underlies": "Sardhai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "wargal-limestone", "name": "Wargal Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wargal-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian–Lopingian", "age": "Middle–Late Permian (Capitanian–Wuchiapingian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Wargal, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6600, 71.8200", "lat": 32.66, "lng": 71.82, "thickness": "150-300 m", "lithology": "Light grey to cream fossiliferous limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "carbonate platform, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Productid brachiopods; Fusulinid foraminifera; Corals; Gastropods; Cephalopods", "synonyms": "Middle Productus Limestone", "economic": "Cement raw material, building stone", "economicResources": "Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Amb Formation", "underlies": "Chhidru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "zaluch-group", "name": "Zaluch Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zaluch-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early–Late Permian (Cisuralian–Lopingian)", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Amb", "coordinates": "32.5084, 71.9365", "lat": 32.5084, "lng": 71.9365, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Marine limestone, dolomite, sandstone and shale — the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations (formerly the lower, middle and upper Productus Limestone).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods (productids); Fusulinids; Bryozoa", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Productus limestones are used for cement and building stone.", "economicResources": "Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 } ] }