{ "dataset": "Pakistan Stratigraphy Explorer — geological units", "source": "https://stratigraphy.pk", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-08-30", "count": 363, "units": [ { "id": "salt-range-formation", "name": "Salt Range Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/salt-range-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Ediacaran", "epoch": "Ediacaran", "age": "Late Precambrian (Ediacaran)", "introducedBy": "Asrarullah (1967)", "typeLocality": "Khewra, Salt Range, Punjab", "coordinates": "32.6486, 73.0111", "lat": 32.6486, "lng": 73.0111, "thickness": "800-1500 m", "lithology": "Rock salt (Billianwala Salt Member), gypsum (Bandar Kas Gypsum Member), marl (Sahwal Marl Member)", "lithologyType": "salt", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Stromatolites; Algal mats", "synonyms": "Punjab Saline Series; Saline Series", "economic": "Major source of rock salt (Khewra Salt Mine), gypsum, and potential oil shales", "economicResources": "Source rock; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Khewra Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "hazara-formation", "name": "Hazara Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hazara-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Precambrian (Neoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "Middlemiss (1896)", "typeLocality": "Hazara District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2000-5000 m", "lithology": "Light-grey, partly phyllitic slate with a flysch-like character, with intercalations of sandstone, limestone, gypsum and graphite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Stromatolites (rare)", "synonyms": "Salt Series of Hazara", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Tanawal Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "tanawal-formation", "name": "Tanawal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tanawal-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1879)", "typeLocality": "Tanawal village, north of Tarbela", "coordinates": "34.4200, 72.9700", "lat": 34.42, "lng": 72.97, "thickness": "1000-2000 m", "lithology": "Metaquartzite, metapsammite and garnet-mica schist (quartzite and schist).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Tanol Group; Tanol Quartzites; Tanol Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Hazara Formation", "underlies": "Abbottabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "tanaki-boulder-bed", "name": "Tanaki Boulder Bed", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tanaki-boulder-bed", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Neoproterozoic (Marinoan, ~605–595 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Latif (1970)", "typeLocality": "Southeastern Hazara, Hazara Fold-and-Thrust Belt, northern Pakistan (named by Latif 1970).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Very poorly sorted, matrix-supported conglomerate (diamictite) with angular to sub-rounded clasts 3–50 cm across — dark-grey siltstone, slate and shale and light-grey to brown quartzite reworked from the Hazara and Tanawal formations — in a matrix of fine pebbles, sand, silt and argillite.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "glaciogenic, glaciomarine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Tanakki Boulder Bed; Tanakki Conglomerate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tanawal Formation", "underlies": "Abbottabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "salkhala-formation", "name": "Salkhala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/salkhala-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Precambrian (Neoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "Wadia, in Pascoe (1929), as the 'Salkhala Series'", "typeLocality": "Salkhala village, Kishanganga River, Kashmir", "coordinates": "34.5850, 73.7300", "lat": 34.585, "lng": 73.73, "thickness": "3000+ m", "lithology": "Schist, phyllite, quartzite, carbonaceous material, marble", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Salkhala Series", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Dogra Sequence", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "misgar-slate", "name": "Misgar Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/misgar-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic-Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Precambrian-Cambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Misgar, Upper Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "36.7875, 74.7682", "lat": 36.7875, "lng": 74.7682, "thickness": "1500-2000 m", "lithology": "Black slate, phyllite, quartzite", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Gircha Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "shingus-gneiss", "name": "Shingus Gneiss", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shingus-gneiss", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Paleoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Early Proterozoic (2600-2200 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Shingus village, Indus Gorge, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2000+ m", "lithology": "Amphibolite-grade biotite gneiss, amphibolite, calc-silicate gneiss, marble", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Nanga Parbat Massif; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Iskere Gneiss", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "khewra-sandstone", "name": "Khewra Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khewra-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Terreneuvian", "age": "Early Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1894) as 'Khewra group'; Wynne (1878) 'Purple sandstone series'; formalized as Khewra Sandstone by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan, Fatmi (1973)", "typeLocality": "Khewra Gorge, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6486, 73.0111", "lat": 32.6486, "lng": 73.0111, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Purple to reddish-brown sandstone with cross-bedding", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobite trails (trace fossils); Skolithos burrows; Cruziana traces", "synonyms": "Purple Sandstone", "economic": "Dimension stone, aquifer", "economicResources": "Building stone; Groundwater", "overlies": "Salt Range Formation", "underlies": "Kussak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "kussak-formation", "name": "Kussak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kussak-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Series 2", "age": "Early to early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1878) 'Obolus/Siphonotreta beds'; Waagen & Wynne (1895) 'Neobolus beds'; Noetling (1894) 'Kussak group'; formalized as Kussak Formation, Fatmi (1973)", "typeLocality": "Kussak Fort, eastern Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Glauconitic and micaceous sandstone, siltstone, dolomite interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "tidal flat, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobites (Redlichia noetlingi); Brachiopods (Neobolus warthi, Lingulella); Hyolithes wynnei", "synonyms": "Neobolus Shales", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Khewra Sandstone", "underlies": "Jutana Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "jutana-formation", "name": "Jutana Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jutana-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Series 2-Miaolingian", "age": "late Early to early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Jutana village, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-150 m", "lithology": "Dolomite, dolomitic limestone, shale", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trilobites (Redlichia noetlingi); Brachiopods (Lingulella fuchsia, Botsfordia granulata); Gastropods", "synonyms": "Magnesian Sandstone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kussak Formation", "underlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "baghanwala-formation", "name": "Baghanwala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baghanwala-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Miaolingian", "age": "early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1878) 'Pseudomorph Salt Crystal Zone'; Noetling (1894) 'Baghanwala Group'; Holland (1926) 'Salt Pseudomorph beds'; Pascoe (1959) 'Baghanwala Stage'", "typeLocality": "Baghanwala village, eastern Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6611, 73.2556", "lat": 32.6611, "lng": 73.2556, "thickness": "50-80 m", "lithology": "Red shale alternated with flaggy sandstone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, arid coastal", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Trace fossils; Trilobites (rare)", "synonyms": "Salt Pseudomorph Beds", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Jutana Formation", "underlies": "Khisor Formation/Tobra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "khisor-formation", "name": "Khisor Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khisor-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "Miaolingian", "age": "early Middle Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945) 'Gypsiferous Series'; Hussain (1960) 'Khisor gypsiferous beds'; formalized as Khisor Formation", "typeLocality": "Khisor Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Thick gypsum at base, shale in upper part", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Gypsum deposits", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Jutana Formation", "underlies": "Tobra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "abbottabad-formation", "name": "Abbottabad Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/abbottabad-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Marks and Ali (1962)", "typeLocality": "Sirban Hill near Abbottabad (the Kakul area), Hazara", "coordinates": "34.1450, 73.2450", "lat": 34.145, "lng": 73.245, "thickness": "500-1500 m", "lithology": "Dolomite, limestone, sandstone and quartzite (the Sirban dolomite).", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Stromatolites; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tanawal Formation", "underlies": "Hazira Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "hazira-formation", "name": "Hazira Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hazira-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Gardezi and Ghazanfar (1965)", "typeLocality": "Hazira, Hazara", "coordinates": "34.1700, 73.2100", "lat": 34.17, "lng": 73.21, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Phosphatic shale and siltstone with phosphorite beds.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Hyolithids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Phosphorite (rock phosphate) of the basal Cambrian beds of the Hazara–Abbottabad area; the Kakul/Hazira phosphate is one of Pakistan's principal phosphate sources.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Abbottabad Formation", "underlies": "Mesozoic formations", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "tobra-formation", "name": "Tobra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tobra-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)", "introducedBy": "Hussain (1967)", "typeLocality": "Tobra Nala, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30-150 m", "lithology": "Tillite, diamictite, boulder beds with striated clasts", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "glacial, glaciofluvial", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Glossopteris; Gangamopteris; Rare marine fauna in interbeds", "synonyms": "Talchir Boulder Bed", "economic": "Local reservoir (primary + dissolution porosity; fractured sandstones); flowed oil in the Adhi field. Typical Rw ~0.04 ohm-m, salinity ~85,000 ppm NaCl. Top Tobra is a strong, laterally continuous seismic reflector in East Potwar.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "underlies": "Dandot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "warcha-formation", "name": "Warchha Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/warcha-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Artinskian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Warcha, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6628, 72.6939", "lat": 32.6628, "lng": 72.6939, "thickness": "30 m (eastern Salt Range) to 155 m (western Salt Range)", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, coastal, estuarine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Bryozoans", "synonyms": "Speckled Sandstone; Warchha Group (part); Warcha Formation", "economic": "The arkosic 'speckled sandstone' hosts sub-economic sedimentary copper, lead and tin shows northeast of Mianwali and north of Nilawahan Gorge — copper as chalcopyrite and malachite, tin as stannite, cassiterite and native tin — and carries local poor-quality coal seams. Preliminary trench sampling (~300 samples in 15 trenches; Gilani 1981) was not encouraging and base-metal potential is rated low.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Dandot Formation", "underlies": "Sardhai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "dandot-formation", "name": "Dandot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dandot-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Sakmarian)", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1901)", "typeLocality": "Dandot, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.6584, 72.9549", "lat": 32.6584, "lng": 72.9549, "thickness": "50 m (type locality, Dandot area)", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range", "fossils": "Eurydesma; Conularia; Discina; Martiniopsis; Chonetes; Neochonetes", "synonyms": "Conularia Beds; Conularia-Eurydesma Beds; Dandot Group", "economic": "Good source rock (dark-grey shales with coaly partings); well-sorted siltstone/sandstone may form local reservoirs; flowed oil (Tobra–Dandot/Warcha) in the Adhi field.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir; Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Tobra Formation", "underlies": "Warchha Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "sardhi-formation", "name": "Sardhai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sardhi-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Cisuralian", "age": "Early Permian (Kungurian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sardhai Gorge, central Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, siltstone, shale with marine fauna", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Bryozoans; Crinoids", "synonyms": "Sardhai; Sardhi Formation (OCR/alternative spelling)", "economic": "Gypsum-bearing (worked locally, chiefly for agricultural use) and — with the Warchha Sandstone — a sedimentary host of the sub-economic 'speckled sandstone' base-metal shows near Sanwans and Ghundi in the Mianwali area, where copper and tin minerals occur in sandy shale beds. Concentrations are low and erratically distributed; potential rated low.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Warchha Sandstone", "underlies": "Amb Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "amb-formation", "name": "Amb Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/amb-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Wordian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Amb, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.5084, 71.9365", "lat": 32.5084, "lng": 71.9365, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Dark grey to black shale with thin limestone interbeds", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods (Productus); Crinoids; Bryozoans; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Lower Productus Limestone", "economic": "Produces (with the Wargal Limestone) in the Dhurnal field.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Sardhai Formation", "underlies": "Wargal Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "wargal-limestone", "name": "Wargal Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wargal-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian–Lopingian", "age": "Middle–Late Permian (Capitanian–Wuchiapingian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Wargal, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "150-300 m", "lithology": "Light grey to cream fossiliferous limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "carbonate platform, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Productid brachiopods; Fusulinid foraminifera; Corals; Gastropods; Cephalopods", "synonyms": "Middle Productus Limestone", "economic": "Cement raw material, building stone", "economicResources": "Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Amb Formation", "underlies": "Chhidru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "chhidru-formation", "name": "Chhidru Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chhidru-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Lopingian", "age": "Late Permian (Changhsingian)", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Chhidru, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.5433, 71.7736", "lat": 32.5433, "lng": 71.7736, "thickness": "60-120 m", "lithology": "Grey to greenish sandstone, siltstone, limestone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, middle to inner shelf, subtidal-intertidal", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Last Paleozoic brachiopods; Ammonoids; Diminished fauna near top; Acritarchs; Tasmanitids", "synonyms": "Chidru Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wargal Limestone", "underlies": "Mianwali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "mianwali-formation", "name": "Mianwali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mianwali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic (Induan-Olenekian)", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Mianwali District, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Grey limestone, dolomite, shale with thin-bedded appearance", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Claraia bivalves; Ophiceras ammonoids; Conodonts; Fish remains; Gyronites; Ambites; Proptychites; Koninckites; Vavilovites; Kingites", "synonyms": "Ceratite Beds", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chhidru Formation", "underlies": "Tredian Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "tredian-formation", "name": "Tredian Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tredian-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic", "age": "Middle Triassic (Anisian)", "introducedBy": "Kummel (1966), after E.R. Gee", "typeLocality": "Tredian, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Red and purple sandstone with green mottling", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "deltaic, continental, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Plant fragments; Vertebrate bones (rare)", "synonyms": "Kingriali Sandstone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mianwali Formation", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "kingriali-formation", "name": "Kingriali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kingriali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945); revised by Danilchik & Shah (1973)", "typeLocality": "Kingriali, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-150 m", "lithology": "Dolomite, dolomitic limestone with cellular (honeycomb) weathering", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Megalodont bivalves; Gastropods; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Chak Jabbi Limestone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tredian Formation", "underlies": "Datta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "borom-formation", "name": "Borom Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/borom-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early–Middle Triassic", "age": "Early to Middle Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Borom valley, about 3.5 km NW of Sost, Chapursan valley, Upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.6900, 74.8200", "lat": 36.69, "lng": 74.82, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "Limestone and chert.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts; Foraminifera; Neospathodus dieneri; Triassospathodus homeri", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wirokhun Formation", "underlies": "Aghil Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "aghil-limestone", "name": "Aghil Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/aghil-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic–Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic", "age": "Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Desio (1964)", "typeLocality": "Aghil pass, Shaksgam–Baltoro region, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.18, 76.62", "lat": 36.18, "lng": 76.62, "thickness": "1000+ m", "lithology": "Grey and white limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Algae; Megalodontidae (bivalves); Benthic foraminifera (Aulotortus friedli, Agathammina)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Borom Formation", "underlies": "Reshit Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "datta-formation", "name": "Datta Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/datta-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic", "age": "Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian)", "introducedBy": "Danilchik (1961), renaming the 'Variegated Stage' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Datta Nala, Surghar Range", "coordinates": "33.0000, 71.3167", "lat": 33, "lng": 71.3167, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Variegated shale, sandstone, laterite, fire clay", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "continental, fluvial, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Plant fossils; Coal traces; Freshwater bivalves", "synonyms": "Variegated Beds", "economic": "Source of refractory fire clay and coal; the 'Datta Sands' are an important gas/condensate reservoir in the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Kingriali Formation", "underlies": "Shinawari Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 15 }, { "id": "shinawari-formation", "name": "Shinawari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shinawari-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Shinawari area, western Samana Range, Kohat District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "20-50 m", "lithology": "Marine shale with sandstone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, lagoon, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites; Bivalves; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Basal beds and part of the Shinawari are believed to be fair source rocks of the Jurassic in the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Source rock", "overlies": "Datta Formation", "underlies": "Samana Suk Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "samana-suk-formation", "name": "Samana Suk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/samana-suk-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Samana Suk peak, Samana Range, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Massive grey limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Corals; Brachiopods; Echinoids; Foraminifera; Algae", "synonyms": "Baroch Limestone", "economic": "A widespread Jurassic carbonate reservoir target in the Upper Indus Basin; also quarried for aggregate and cement raw material.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Shinawari Formation", "underlies": "Chichali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 16 }, { "id": "loralai-formation", "name": "Loralai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/loralai-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic, may extend up to Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)", "age": "Early to Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Loralai, Balochistan", "coordinates": "30.3669, 68.6001", "lat": 30.3669, "lng": 68.6001, "thickness": "300-500 m", "lithology": "Limestone, shale, marl", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Ammonites; Belemnites; Bivalves; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Loralai Limestone (HSC 1960; largely replaced by the Shirinab Formation, Fatmi 1977)", "economic": "The Jurassic Loralai Limestone hosts fluorite veins (Gadebar and Daman Ghar ranges, Loralai district) along faults and fractures; a building-limestone source.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Triassic formations", "underlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "chiltan-limestone", "name": "Chiltan Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chiltan-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle to Late Jurassic (Bathonian-Oxfordian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chiltan Peak, near Quetta", "coordinates": "30.1523, 66.9318", "lat": 30.1523, "lng": 66.9318, "thickness": "≈750–1,800 m in the Sulaiman Fold Belt, increasing westward", "lithology": "Thick shelf carbonate — pisolitic to oolitic limestone with reefal development in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A significant Middle Jurassic hydrocarbon reservoir of the Indus Basin (e.g. Zarghun South gas); its top unconformity hosts the Dilband oolitic iron ore.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Shirinab Formation", "underlies": "Sembar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "reshit-formation", "name": "Reshit Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/reshit-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "late Middle Jurassic", "age": "late Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Reshit village, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.824066, 74.512372", "lat": 36.824066, "lng": 74.512372, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "A monotonous sequence (about 300 m) of dark grey, cherty mudstone and wackestone.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Ostracods; Crinoids; Corals; Echinoids; Brachiopods; Ammonites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Yashkuk Formation", "underlies": "Darband Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "chichali-formation", "name": "Chichali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chichali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic-Cretaceous", "epoch": "Tithonian-Berriasian", "age": "Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Danilchik (1961)", "typeLocality": "Chichali Pass in Surghar", "coordinates": "33.0031, 71.4042", "lat": 33.0031, "lng": 71.4042, "thickness": "12-70 m", "lithology": "Dark greenish grey glauconitic sandstone, glauconitic shale", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites", "synonyms": "Belemnite Beds; Spiti Shale", "economic": "Phosphorite (rock phosphate) has been reported from the Chichali Formation near Kohat, but low phosphate content makes it of little economic value.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Samana Suk Formation", "underlies": "Lumshiwal Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 14 }, { "id": "lumshiwal-sandstone", "name": "Lumshiwal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lumshiwal-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)", "introducedBy": "Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Lumshiwal Nala in the Surghar Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~64-150 m (Surghar Range)", "lithology": "White to grey quartzose sandstone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "oysters", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The unconformity at the top of the Lumshiwal Formation (beneath the Paleocene Hangu Formation) hosts the Chhoi–Akhori laterite–bauxite deposits of the Kalachitta Hills.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Chichali Formation", "underlies": "Kawagarh Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "kawagarh-formation", "name": "Kawagarh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kawagarh-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1977)", "typeLocality": "Kawagarh hills north of Kala Chitta", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~123 m (Jabri reference section, Hazara)", "lithology": "Light grey to white limestone, marl, shale", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Globotruncana lapparenti; Globotruncana linneiana; Dicarinella carinata; Rugoglobigerina rugosa; Heterohelix globulosa; Globotruncanita stuartiformis", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Phosphorite occurs in the Kawagarh Formation near Chhoi in the Kalachitta Range, but is of little economic value owing to its low phosphate content.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Lumshiwal Formation", "underlies": "Hangu Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "indus-formation", "name": "Indus Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/indus-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kotli area, southern Azad Kashmir", "coordinates": "33.5156, 73.9019", "lat": 33.5156, "lng": 73.9019, "thickness": "10-50 m", "lithology": "Continental laterite, bauxite and pisolitic ironstone beds (best developed in the Kotli area of Azad Kashmir); partly marine northward near Muzaffarabad.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "continental, marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Rare plant fossils; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of bauxite and laterite in the Kotli area of Azad Kashmir.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Kawagarh Formation", "underlies": "Hangu Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "sembar-formation", "name": "Sembar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sembar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous (Neocomian)", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian)", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Sembar Pass, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "29.9181, 68.5800", "lat": 29.9181, "lng": 68.58, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Black, carbonaceous, pyritic shale with subordinate siltstone, sandstone and thin limestone; thins westward.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, outer shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Ammonites; Belemnites; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Lower and Central Indus Basin (Sui, Mari and other gas fields); the Sembar–Lower Goru is an active petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir", "overlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "underlies": "Goru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "goru-formation", "name": "Goru Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/goru-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early–Late Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Goru village", "coordinates": "27.802397, 66.831371", "lat": 27.802397, "lng": 66.831371, "thickness": "536 m (type locality)", "lithology": "Interbedded limestone, shale and siltstone; lower part shalier (thin-bedded light limestone with splintery grey-olive shale), upper part thin-bedded porcellaneous limestone; grades up into the Parh Limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Ammonites; Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Lower Goru sands are a major gas reservoir of the Lower and Central Indus Basin (e.g. Sui, Mari, Sawan, Miano).", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Sembar Formation", "underlies": "Parh Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "parh-limestone", "name": "Parh Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/parh-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Barremian–Maastrichtian)", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1879)", "typeLocality": "Parh, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "26.9125, 67.0958", "lat": 26.9125, "lng": 67.0958, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Very uniform, persistent, thin-bedded light-grey, white or cream porcellaneous limestone with a characteristic pink-purple-maroon band and interbeds of variegated shale and marl.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "pelagic marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera (Globotruncana spp.)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Building-limestone source; the Ziarat laterite (ochre pigment) forms on its weathered contact with the Dungan Limestone (Kach-Sanjawi).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Goru Formation", "underlies": "Mughal Kot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "mughal-kot-formation", "name": "Mughal Kot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mughal-kot-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian)", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian)", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Mughal Kot, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "31.8669, 69.7214", "lat": 31.8669, "lng": 69.7214, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Grey calcareous shale and mudstone with intercalations of arkosic sandstone and grey argillaceous limestone; sandier in the Sulaiman area, shalier in the Kirthar area.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Ammonites; Foraminifera; Bivalves", "synonyms": "Moghal Kot", "economic": "Petroleum seeps (Mughal Kot); prospective for uranium; a building-sandstone source.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Parh Limestone", "underlies": "Fort Munro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "pab-sandstone", "name": "Pab Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pab-sandstone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1909)", "typeLocality": "West of Wirahab Nai, Pab Range", "coordinates": "25.5200, 67.0053", "lat": 25.52, "lng": 67.0053, "thickness": "240–1,000 m (490 m at the Pab Range type section)", "lithology": "White, cream or brown, thick-bedded to massive, cross-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Bela-Khuzdar", "fossils": "Bivalves; Gastropods; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major quartzose-sandstone hydrocarbon reservoir in the Lower Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Fort Munro Formation", "underlies": "Moro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 14 }, { "id": "vitakri-formation", "name": "Vitakri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vitakri-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous (latest Maastrichtian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Vitakri Dome, Barkhan District, Balochistan", "coordinates": "29.6981, 69.3988", "lat": 29.6981, "lng": 69.3988, "thickness": "50-200 m", "lithology": "Variegated sandstone, mudstone, conglomerate", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "continental, terrestrial", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Titanosaurian sauropods; Theropod dinosaurs; Mesoeucrocodylians; Pterosaurs", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts the Kingri coalfield (latest Cretaceous / K-T-boundary lignite, ~2 million tons, Musa Khel district); a source of building sandstone; prospective for uranium and aluminous (bauxitic) rocks.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "Sangiali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "sinjrani-volcanic-group", "name": "Sinjrani Volcanic Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sinjrani-volcanic-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Middle to Late Cretaceous (Aptian-Santonian)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Chagai (after the Sinjrani tribe)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "900-1200 m", "lithology": "Agglomerate, volcanic conglomerate, tuff and basaltic-andesitic lava with subordinate shale, sandstone and limestone.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, submarine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Algae; Foraminifera; Corals (in limestone interbeds)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "One of the sedimentary/volcanic wall-rock units that host the Chagai porphyry copper deposits (Saindak, Reko Diq).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Basement", "underlies": "Humai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "humai-formation", "name": "Humai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/humai-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian; ~72.2-66.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Koh Humai, North Chagai (Chagai-Raskoh Magmatic Province)", "coordinates": "29.1000, 62.8000", "lat": 29.1, "lng": 62.8, "thickness": "91-306 m", "lithology": "Variable: shale with calcareous sandstone, siltstone, thin-bedded limestone and volcanic conglomerate (lower); massive reefoid limestone (upper).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, volcanic-arc", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Hippurites loftusi; Lepidorbitoides socialis; Orbitoides sp.; Omphalocyclus sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sinjrani Volcanic Group", "underlies": "Rakhshani Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "muslim-bagh-ophiolite", "name": "Muslim Bagh Ophiolite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/muslim-bagh-ophiolite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1901); reconnaissance-mapped by the Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Muslim Bagh, Balochistan", "coordinates": "30.7519, 67.8206", "lat": 30.7519, "lng": 67.8206, "thickness": "5000+ m (complete sequence)", "lithology": "Ultramafic rocks (peridotite, dunite), gabbro, sheeted dykes, pillow lavas, chromite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "oceanic lithosphere", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Major chromite deposits, nickel potential, asbestos", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Indian plate margin sediments", "underlies": "Post-obduction sediments", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "bela-ophiolite", "name": "Bela Ophiolite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bela-ophiolite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Bela ophiolite-and-thrust belt, Lasbela", "coordinates": "26.2268, 66.3113", "lat": 26.2268, "lng": 66.3113, "thickness": "3000+ m", "lithology": "Ultrabasic, basic and intermediate rocks — altered pyroxenite and serpentinized peridotite — with rare granite (only as conglomerate pebbles).", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "ophiolite, oceanic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Bela-Khuzdar", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The serpentinized ultramafics host chromite (with associated manganese), in the Bela ophiolite belt.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Indian plate margin", "underlies": "Tertiary sediments", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "chilas-complex", "name": "Chilas Complex", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chilas-complex", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "mid-Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous (102-85 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Jan et al.", "typeLocality": "Chilas, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "35.4200, 74.1000", "lat": 35.42, "lng": 74.1, "thickness": "8-10 km thick", "lithology": "Large mafic–ultramafic body — gabbronorite with serpentinized ultramafic rocks (dunite, harzburgite, pyroxenite), dolerite and gabbro; associated with the Babusar Pass mélange.", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "volcanic-arc, plutonic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Platinum group element potential", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Kamila Amphibolite", "underlies": "Kohistan Batholith", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "jijal-complex", "name": "Jijal Complex", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jijal-complex", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early–mid Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Characterised by Coward et al. (1984); high-pressure petrology by Jan & Howie (1981)", "typeLocality": "Between Patan and Jijal, Indus valley, Kohistan (~200 km²).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase granulites with relics of norite, passing southward through increasing clinopyroxene and hornblendites into a main ultramafic body of clinopyroxenites and dunites with lenses of layered chromitite up to 5 m thick.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "magmatic arc (lower crust to uppermost mantle)", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Kamila Amphibolite", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "hangu-formation", "name": "Hangu Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hangu-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Paleocene", "age": "Latest Cretaceous to Early Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Davies (1930)", "typeLocality": "South of Fort Lockhart, Samana Range", "coordinates": "33.55, 70.92", "lat": 33.55, "lng": 70.92, "thickness": "15–150 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, grey shale, coal, laterite", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "terrestrial, marginal marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Miscellanea miscella; Lockhartia haimei; Lockhartia conditi; Lepidocyclina punjabensis; Operculina canalifera; Daviesina longhami", "synonyms": "Dhak Pass Beds", "economic": "Hosts the economically important Makarwal coal seams in its lower part; laterite–bauxite also occurs at its basal unconformity (Chhoi–Akhori).", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Indus Formation", "underlies": "Lockhart Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 13 }, { "id": "lockhart-limestone", "name": "Lockhart Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lockhart-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Middle to Late Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Davies (1930)", "typeLocality": "Near Fort Lockhart, Samana Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30–240 m", "lithology": "Dark grey nodular (rubbly) limestone", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Operculina subsalsa; Miscellanea miscella; Miscellanea stampi; Lockhartia haimei; Lockhartia newboldi; Lepidocyclina punjabensis; Discocyclina ranikotensis", "synonyms": "Khairabad Limestone", "economic": "Quarried as cement rock in the shingled-thrust zone north of the Potwar Plateau; the formation also carries some coal seams, bauxite and clays.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Cement & lime; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Hangu Formation", "underlies": "Patala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "patala-formation", "name": "Patala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/patala-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Late Paleocene (Thanetian)", "introducedBy": "Davies and Pinfold (1937)", "typeLocality": "Patala Nala, Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-200 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl, limestone and sandstone, with coal in the lower part.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Calcareous nannofossils; Dinoflagellates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Coal-bearing in the Salt Range (Patala coal) and an important hydrocarbon source rock of the Upper Indus Basin.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Coal & lignite; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Lockhart Limestone", "underlies": "Nammal Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "sangiali-formation", "name": "Sangiali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sangiali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sangiali, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "30.0000, 69.9583", "lat": 30, "lng": 69.9583, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Limestone, shale, marl", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Larger foraminifera; Gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Building limestone and sandstone; prospective for uranium.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Vitakri Formation", "underlies": "Rakhi Gaj Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "dungan-formation", "name": "Dungan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dungan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene–Eocene", "age": "Late Paleocene to Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Dungan, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "30.1439, 67.9925", "lat": 30.1439, "lng": 67.9925, "thickness": "30–610 m", "lithology": "Limestone with shale interbeds", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate ramp", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Larger benthic foraminifera (Alveolina, Nummulites, Discocyclina, Assilina, Ranikothalia, Miscellanea, Lockhartia); Planktonic foraminifera (Morozovella); Red algae; Bryozoans; Corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Paleocene Dungan Limestone is a regional hydrocarbon reservoir in the Sulaiman fields.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Rakhi Gaj Formation", "underlies": "Shaheed Ghat Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "ranikot-group", "name": "Ranikot Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ranikot-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876); Vredenburg (1909)", "typeLocality": "Ranikot, Sindh (approx. 25°54'N, 67°54'E)", "coordinates": "25.9000, 67.9000", "lat": 25.9, "lng": 67.9, "thickness": "300-600 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, shale and limestone with coal, carbonaceous beds and basaltic lava flows.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine, paralic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province; Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Larger foraminifera; Gastropods; Plant fossils in upper part", "synonyms": "Ranikot Formation", "economic": "Includes the coal-bearing Bara Formation — the principal Sindh (Lower Indus) coalfields.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "nisai-limestone", "name": "Nisai Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nisai-limestone", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Cretaceous–Paleocene", "age": "Eocene to Oligocene (locally down to Paleocene)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961); redefined Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "Nisai, near Qila Saifullah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Black nummulitic limestone with conglomerate and subordinate clastics (includes the Nimargh, Wad, Wakabi and Wakai limestones of later workers).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, reef", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills; Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Miscellanea miscella; Other larger foraminifera; Algae", "synonyms": "Nisai Group; Black Nummulitic Limestone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Humai Formation", "underlies": "Saindak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 15 }, { "id": "nammal-formation", "name": "Nammal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nammal-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Nammal Gorge, western Salt Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-100 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl and limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Nannofossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Sakesar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "sakesar-formation", "name": "Sakesar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sakesar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Gee in Fermor (1935); age-diagnostic larger foraminifera established by Davies and Pinfold (1937)", "typeLocality": "Sakesar Peak, Salt Range", "coordinates": "32.53, 71.93", "lat": 32.53, "lng": 71.93, "thickness": "~30 to 150 m across the Salt Range (locally as thin as ~18 m at Nammal Gorge); up to ~220 m at Chichali Pass and over 300 m in parts of the Surghar Range", "lithology": "Light grey to off-white, thin- to thick-bedded, nodular to massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale, and chert nodules common in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine, Subtidal, Inner to middle carbonate ramp", "basin": "", "region": "Salt Range and Surghar Range (Upper Indus Basin)", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Nummulites mamillatus; Nummulites atacicus; Assilina spinosa; Assilina granulosa; Assilina laminosa; Alveolina; Lockhartia tipperi; Lockhartia conditi; Discocyclina; Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "Margala Hill Limestone (lateral facies equivalent; treated as a synonym in GSP Memoir Vol. 24)", "economic": "Cement raw material and construction aggregate; fractured carbonate reservoir and outcrop analogue in the Potwar-Salt Range petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Nammal Formation", "underlies": "Chorgali Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 6 }, { "id": "panoba-formation", "name": "Panoba Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panoba-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Eames (1952)", "typeLocality": "South of Panoba village, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.6167, 71.5833", "lat": 33.6167, "lng": 71.5833, "thickness": "40 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl with gypsum interbeds", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Globorotalia aequa; Globorotalia quadrata; Assilina pustulosa; Orbitolites complanatus; Nummulites sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Part of the salt-and-gypsum-bearing Eocene succession of the Kohat Plateau; it grades southward into the Bahadur Khel Salt and is itself gypsiferous.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Shekhan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "chashmai-formation", "name": "Chashmai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chashmai-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chashmai, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "50-150 m", "lithology": "Clastic facies — sandstone and shale — of the Eocene Kohat succession.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Sparse fauna", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Panoba Formation", "underlies": "Gurguri Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gurguri-formation", "name": "Gurguri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gurguri-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Gurguri, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-200 m", "lithology": "Shale, sandstone, minor limestone", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "continental, paralic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Mollusks", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Forms part of the productive Eocene clastic reservoir intervals of the Kohat sub-basin.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Chorgali Formation", "underlies": "Shekhan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shekhan-formation", "name": "Shekhan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shekhan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Davies (1926b); raised to formation rank by Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "Shekhan, Kohat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~32 to 44 m (Sheikhan Nala and Panoba sections); age-diagnostic foraminiferal zone ~9 to 30 m", "lithology": "Compacted, yellowish-grey, medium- to thin-bedded fossiliferous limestone with shale partings, plus subordinate shale and sandstone; micrite-dominated.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine carbonate shelf, Inner ramp", "basin": "", "region": "Kohat sub-basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Orbitolites complanatus; Alveolina oblonga; Alveolina vredenburgi; Assilina daviesi; Assilina laminosa; Assilina dandotica; Nummulites atacicus; Corals; Gastropods; Echinoids; Discocyclina dispensa; Discocyclina fortsi; Assilina exponens; Nummulites", "synonyms": "Sheikhan Limestone (alternative spelling); Drug Formation (Sulaiman Basin), lateral equivalent; Sakesar / Margala Hill Limestone (Potwar and Hazara), lateral equivalent", "economic": "Studied as a fractured carbonate reservoir target in the Kohat Basin; spatially associated with the Bahadurkhel (Kohat) evaporite system.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Gurguri Formation", "underlies": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bahadurkhel-salt", "name": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bahadurkhel-salt", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Meissner et al. (1968), for the 'Kohat Saline Series' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Bahadurkhel, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.1762, 70.9525", "lat": 33.1762, "lng": 70.9525, "thickness": "50-300 m", "lithology": "Rock salt, gypsum, shale", "lithologyType": "salt", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic, sabkha", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Bahadur Khel Salt", "economic": "The largest rock-salt (halite) resource of the Kohat Basin and a principal salt-mining source in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Bahadur Khel-Karak salt mines).", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Shekhan Formation", "underlies": "Jatta Gypsum", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "jatta-gypsum", "name": "Jatta Gypsum", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jatta-gypsum", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early to Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Meissner et al. (1968), for the upper 'Kohat Series' of Gee (1945)", "typeLocality": "Jatta, Kohat", "coordinates": "33.3333, 71.2833", "lat": 33.3333, "lng": 71.2833, "thickness": "50-200 m", "lithology": "Gypsum, anhydrite, shale", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic, sabkha", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major gypsum/anhydrite resource of the Kohat Basin, quarried for cement and plaster.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Bahadurkhel Salt", "underlies": "Kahan Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "habib-rahi-formation", "name": "Habib Rahi Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/habib-rahi-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Tainsh (1959)", "typeLocality": "North of Zampost, Zhob–Dera Ismail Khan road", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "15–150 m", "lithology": "Greyish-brown, thin- to thick-bedded or massive, hard argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with nodules and cherty beds.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Larger foraminifera (Nummulites, Assilina); Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "An Eocene limestone reservoir unit of the Sulaiman gas province.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Baska Formation", "underlies": "Domanda Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "domanda-formation", "name": "Domanda Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/domanda-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "West of Domanda", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "130–330 m", "lithology": "Dark-brown to greenish-grey claystone with limestone intercalations and subordinate calcareous sandstone in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Nummulites beaumonti; Nummulites subbeaumonti; Alveolina elliptica; Dictyoconoides cooki", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts Late Eocene coal (Rakhni, Nisau, Mahoi, Zain and Rakhi Munh areas) and a laterally extensive gypsum bed; celestite occurs just below the Domanda gypsum in the southern Sulaiman Foldbelt.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Salt & evaporites; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Habib Rahi Formation", "underlies": "Pirkoh Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "pirkoh-formation", "name": "Pirkoh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pirkoh-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "Pirkoh anticline", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "10–175 m", "lithology": "Brown, grey to white, thin-bedded limestone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and dark-grey calcareous claystone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Gastropods; Bivalves; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Pirkoh Limestone is a significant gas reservoir (Pirkoh gas field).", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Domanda Formation", "underlies": "Drazinda Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "drazinda-formation", "name": "Drazinda Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/drazinda-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "Northeast of Drazinda", "coordinates": "31.7667, 70.1500", "lat": 31.7667, "lng": 70.15, "thickness": "15–500 m", "lithology": "Brown to grey clay with subordinate fossiliferous marl and limestone interbeds and, in the middle part, grey calcareous sandstone; locally with celestite nodules in the north.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Bivalves; Bryozoans; Echinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts celestite (strontium sulphate) nodules in the northern Sulaiman Range.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Pirkoh Formation", "underlies": "Chitarwatta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chorgali-formation", "name": "Chorgali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chorgali-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "late Early to Middle Eocene", "introducedBy": "Pascoe (1920)", "typeLocality": "Chor Gali Pass", "coordinates": "33.439322, 72.683902", "lat": 33.439322, "lng": 72.683902, "thickness": "30–140 m", "lithology": "Shale, limestone, gypsum", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine, restricted", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "Rotalia crookshankiana", "synonyms": "Bhadrar Beds", "economic": "One of the main dolomite-bearing units of the foreland fold-and-thrust belt; its partly dolomitised limestone carries a bituminous (hydrocarbon) odour and the unit is significant in Potwar petroleum geology.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Sakesar Formation", "underlies": "Kuldana Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "kuldana-formation", "name": "Kuldana Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kuldana-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Early to Middle Eocene (late Ypresian-Lutetian; shallow benthonic Zone SBZ13 or older)", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1874)", "typeLocality": "Kuldana", "coordinates": "33.92, 73.39", "lat": 33.92, "lng": 73.39, "thickness": "up to ~300 m", "lithology": "Shale, marl, sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, dolomite", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Pakicetus; Gandakasia; Ichthyolestes", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A local source of gypsum on the Potwar Plateau, mainly satisfying nearby agricultural needs rather than yielding the large, pure bodies of the Salt Range Formation.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Chorgali Formation", "underlies": "Murree Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "ghazij-group", "name": "Ghazij Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ghazij-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Ghazij, Balochistan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "500-1500 m", "lithology": "Shale, sandstone, coal, gypsum (deltaic to evaporitic)", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "deltaic, fluvial, marginal marine, evaporitic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Plant fossils; Freshwater fauna; Marginal marine fauna", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts the principal Eocene coal deposits of Pakistan, worked in the Mach, Sor Range, Sharigh, Pir Ismail Ziarat and Johan coal fields of Balochistan.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Dungan Formation", "underlies": "Kahan Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 12 }, { "id": "drug-formation", "name": "Drug Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/drug-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Shah (1987)", "typeLocality": "Drug Tangi, 3 km northeast of Drug village", "coordinates": "30.8208, 70.2083", "lat": 30.8208, "lng": 70.2083, "thickness": "40–340 m", "lithology": "Largely orange, pale-olive to greenish-grey limestone interbedded with subordinate shale.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Walking whales (Ambulocetus); Basilosaurids; Larger foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Paleontological heritage - whale evolution", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Shaheed Ghat Formation", "underlies": "Toi Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "laki-formation", "name": "Laki Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/laki-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Noetling (1903)", "typeLocality": "Near Meting and Mari Nai, northern Lakhi Range", "coordinates": "25.7300, 67.9400", "lat": 25.73, "lng": 67.94, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Cream to grey limestone with subordinate marl, calcareous shale, sandstone and lateritic clay.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Gastropods; Bivalves; Echinoids; Algae", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Petroleum reservoir, cement raw material", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Lakhra Formation", "underlies": "Kirthar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "kirthar-formation", "name": "Kirthar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirthar-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "500-800 m", "lithology": "Thick grey, massive to thick-bedded, fossiliferous nummulitic limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Nummulites; Larger foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A major Eocene limestone, used locally as building and cement stone and forming reservoir intervals.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime", "overlies": "Laki Formation", "underlies": "Nari Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "saindak-formation", "name": "Saindak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/saindak-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene (Ypresian-Priabonian; ~56-33.9 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Mirjawa synclinorium near Saindak, Chagai-Raskoh Magmatic Province", "coordinates": "29.2777, 61.5662", "lat": 29.2777, "lng": 61.5662, "thickness": "60-1500 m", "lithology": "Interbedded shale, sandstone, limestone and minor volcanic conglomerate; fossiliferous; local pure gypsum beds in red shale.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, volcanic-arc", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Assilina dandotica; Assilina exponens; Fasciolites oblonga; Linderina brugesi; Opertorbitolites douvillei; Echinolampas nummulitica; Velates perversus", "synonyms": "Washap Formation; Amalaf Formation (in part)", "economic": "A wall-rock unit of the Saindak porphyry copper–gold deposit; the surrounding Chagai magmatic arc hosts world-class porphyry Cu–Au–(Mo) systems including the giant Reko Diq deposit (~5.9 Gt at ~0.41% Cu plus gold) and the Saindak mine.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Rakhshani Formation", "underlies": "Amlaf Volcanics", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "nari-formation", "name": "Nari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nari-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Oligocene", "age": "Oligocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Gaj River gorge, Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "26.8750, 67.3200", "lat": 26.875, "lng": 67.32, "thickness": "300-500 m", "lithology": "Brown, fine- to coarse-grained sandstone in the upper part with shale and subordinate limestone below.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Molluscs; Shark teeth", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Contains workable coal seams (Nari coal) and forms reservoir intervals.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Kirthar Formation", "underlies": "Gaj Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "chitarwata-formation", "name": "Chitarwatta Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chitarwata-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Late Oligocene–Early Miocene", "age": "Oligocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill & Kidwai (1973)", "typeLocality": "Chitarwata Pass", "coordinates": "31.0561, 70.2456", "lat": 31.0561, "lng": 70.2456, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Red, grey and green claystone and siltstone with a sandstone-rich, ripple-marked lower part.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "marginal marine, fluvial", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Mammal fossils; Plant fossils", "synonyms": "Chitarwatta; Chitarwata Formation", "economic": "Oligocene-Miocene coal lenses and showings (Khandor, Vihowa Rud); prospective for ochre / iron.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Drazinda Formation", "underlies": "Vihowa Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "murree-formation", "name": "Murree Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/murree-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene (Aquitanian-Burdigalian)", "introducedBy": "Wynne (1874) 'Mari Group' / Lydekker (1876) 'Murree Beds' / Pilgrim (1910) 'Murree Series'; formalized by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan, from the Murree hills, Rawalpindi", "typeLocality": "Dhok Maiki, Murree Hills, Rawalpindi District", "coordinates": "33.417255, 72.569802", "lat": 33.417255, "lng": 72.569802, "thickness": "2000-3000 m", "lithology": "Red to purple sandstone and shale (molasse)", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Hazara Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Mammal bones; Freshwater molluscs; Plant fossils", "synonyms": "Mari Group; Murree Beds; Murree Series", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kuldana Formation", "underlies": "Kamlial Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "kamlial-formation", "name": "Kamlial Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kamlial-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Middle to Late Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene (Burdigalian-Tortonian; ~18.2-9.4 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Pinfold (1918)", "typeLocality": "Southwest of Kamlial, Attock District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "90 m at type locality (range 50-580 m; 68-718 m in subsurface)", "lithology": "Purple-grey and dark brick-red, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone with hard purple shale interbeds and yellow/purple intraformational conglomerate; spheroidal weathering; heavy-mineral suite tourmaline-dominant (distinguishing it from the epidote-dominant Murree Formation).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Trilophodon cf. angustidens; Dinotherium indicum; Amphicyon cf. shahbazi; Hyaenaelurus lahirii; Anthracotherium sp.; Hemimeryx blanfordi; Listriodon cf. guptai; Listriodon pentapotomiae; Conohyus cf. sindiensis", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Murree Formation", "underlies": "Chinji Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "chinji-formation", "name": "Chinji Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chinji-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene (Serravallian-Tortonian)", "introducedBy": "Lewis (1937)", "typeLocality": "Chinji village, Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "32.6604, 72.3755", "lat": 32.6604, "lng": 72.3755, "thickness": "500-800 m", "lithology": "Red clay and sandstone", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, floodplain", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Sivapithecus; Giraffokeryx; Lower Siwalik ('Chinji') mammal fauna", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kamlial Formation", "underlies": "Nagri Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 14 }, { "id": "nagri-formation", "name": "Nagri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nagri-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene", "age": "Late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian)", "introducedBy": "Lewis (1937)", "typeLocality": "Nagri (Sethi Nagri), Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "500-700 m", "lithology": "Grey sandstone with red clay interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "Middle Siwalik mammal fauna; Hipparionine (three-toed) horses", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chinji Formation", "underlies": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 16 }, { "id": "dhok-pathan-formation", "name": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dhok-pathan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene-Pliocene", "age": "Late Miocene to Early Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Dhok Pathan village", "coordinates": "33.1302, 72.3470", "lat": 33.1302, "lng": 72.347, "thickness": "1,330–2,000 m", "lithology": "Grey and brown sandstone with clay interbeds", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Salt Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nagri Formation", "underlies": "Tatrot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 16 }, { "id": "gaj-formation", "name": "Gaj Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gaj-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Gaj River, Kirthar Range", "coordinates": "26.8750, 67.3200", "lat": 26.875, "lng": 67.32, "thickness": "200-400 m", "lithology": "Variegated grey gypsiferous shale interbedded with calcareous, ferruginous, cross-bedded sandstone and fossiliferous argillaceous limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, deltaic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Molluscs; Marine vertebrates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nari Formation", "underlies": "Manchar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "manchar-formation", "name": "Manchar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/manchar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene-Pliocene", "age": "Miocene-Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Blanford (1876)", "typeLocality": "Manchhar (Manchar) Lake area, Sindh", "coordinates": "26.4230, 67.6730", "lat": 26.423, "lng": 67.673, "thickness": "1000-2000 m", "lithology": "Sandstone, clay, conglomerate (continental)", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Siwalik-type mammal fossils", "synonyms": "Manchar Group; Manchhar Formation; Manchhar Series", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gaj Formation", "underlies": "Recent alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "siahan-formation", "name": "Siahan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/siahan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene–Eocene", "age": "Eocene-Oligocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Siahan Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2000-4000 m", "lithology": "Shale and slate with siltstone and sandstone (metamorphosed near the Washuk ophiolite thrust).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "deep marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Deep water foraminifera; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal host rock of the Makran-Siahan fault-controlled epithermal-to-mesothermal stibnite (antimony)-gold-silver quartz-carbonate vein system (e.g. Gokumb, Kuchaki, Mir Baig Raidgi, Safed Gilanchi, Machi Koh) and of extensive iron-oxidized zones; also the setting of the Soro/Phudkush possible-meteorite locality. Veins are thin (mm-20 cm) and discontinuous, so individual deposits are small (Malkani 2020).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Wakai Limestone", "underlies": "Zurati Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "panjgur-formation", "name": "Panjgur Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjgur-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene–Neogene", "epoch": "Middle Miocene", "age": "Middle Miocene (Serravallian; ~13.8-11.6 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "26.9706, 64.0887", "lat": 26.9706, "lng": 64.0887, "thickness": "1000-2000 m", "lithology": "Predominantly sandstone with marine shale; clastic turbidites deposited as stacked deep-sea fan sequences.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "deep marine, submarine fan", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal potential RESERVOIR unit of the Makran; its stacked turbidite sandstones have porosities up to ~18% and form exploration targets, with Hoshab/Parkini shales as source and seal.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Seal", "overlies": "Hoshab Formation", "underlies": "Parkini Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "hoshab-formation", "name": "Hoshab Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hoshab-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene-Neogene", "epoch": "Late Oligocene to Early Miocene", "age": "Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Chattian-Burdigalian; ~24.3-16.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "26.0147, 63.8840", "lat": 26.0147, "lng": 63.884, "thickness": "1000-2000 m", "lithology": "Claystone and shale with subordinate sandstone, limestone and conglomerate; abyssal shale / flysch.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "abyssal, deep marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Planktonic foraminifera; Trace fossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A recognised potential hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Makran; thrust detachments root within this mud-rich interval, and hanging-wall anticlines form potential traps.", "economicResources": "Source rock", "overlies": "Zurati Formation", "underlies": "Panjgur Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "parkini-formation", "name": "Parkini Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/parkini-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Late Miocene", "age": "Late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian; ~11.6-6.7 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "3030-4545 m", "lithology": "Predominantly mudstone (sandy claystone); massive upper-Miocene slope mudstones blanketing the Panjgur fan complex.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "deep marine, slope", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Benthic foraminifera; Mollusks", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A recognised potential hydrocarbon SOURCE ROCK of the Makran (slope-to-basinal mudstone, TOC locally exceeding 1%).", "economicResources": "Source rock", "overlies": "Panjgur Formation", "underlies": "Talar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "ormara-formation", "name": "Ormara Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ormara-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Middle Pleistocene", "age": "Middle Pleistocene (Calabrian; ~1.39-0.77 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Ormara hammerhead section, Makran Flysch Province", "coordinates": "25.2100, 64.6400", "lat": 25.21, "lng": 64.64, "thickness": "60-900 m (combined Gwadar-Ormara succession)", "lithology": "Sandy claystone; the combined Gwadar-Ormara succession is predominantly sandy clay.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "shallow marine, coastal", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Bivalves (lamellibranchs); Gastropods; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Talar Formation", "underlies": "Jiwani Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "jiwani-formation", "name": "Jiwani Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jiwani-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Late Pleistocene", "age": "Late Pleistocene (Chibanian; ~0.77-0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Jiwani section, Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "25.0485, 61.7457", "lat": 25.0485, "lng": 61.7457, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Shelly (coquinoid) limestone and littoral concretionary deposits.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "coastal marine, littoral", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "Mollusks; Corals", "synonyms": "Sub-Recent shelly limestone", "economic": "Hosts the Jiwani sulphur deposit — a thin (~9 in), discontinuous sulphur layer in dark clay near a mud volcano ~20 km NW of Jiwani, grading ~43-56% S (a small deposit), with similar minor occurrences at Ganz and Karghari — and its coastal shelly limestone, sandstone and conglomerate are worked locally as construction/building stone (Malkani 2020).", "economicResources": "Building stone; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Ormara Formation", "underlies": "Recent coastal deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lei-conglomerate", "name": "Lei Conglomerate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lei-conglomerate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Gill (1952)", "typeLocality": "Lei Nala, Potwar Plateau", "coordinates": "33.6007, 73.0679", "lat": 33.6007, "lng": 73.0679, "thickness": "100-300 m", "lithology": "Boulder conglomerate, coarse gravel, sandstone", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "alluvial fan, fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Mammal fossils; Stegodon; Early Paleolithic artifacts", "synonyms": "Boulder Conglomerate; Mirpur Conglomerate; Kakra Conglomerate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Dhok Pathan Formation", "underlies": "Soan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "soan-formation", "name": "Soan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/soan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "120-450 m in Trans Indus-Potwar Province (TrI-PP) m", "lithology": "Boulder conglomerate, sandstone, silt", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Suan", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pinjor Formation", "underlies": "alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "koh-i-sultan-volcanic-group", "name": "Koh-i-Sultan Volcanic Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/koh-i-sultan-volcanic-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene–Quaternary", "epoch": "Late Pliocene–Pleistocene", "age": "Late Pliocene to Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Koh-i-Sultan (2,332 m), Chagai (Pak–Afghan border)", "coordinates": "29.1000, 62.8000", "lat": 29.1, "lng": 62.8, "thickness": "Variable (volcanic edifice)", "lithology": "Intercalated dacitic-andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastics.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Sulfur deposits, geothermal potential", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Pishi Group", "underlies": "Recent deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "kirana-group", "name": "Kirana Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirana-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (870 ± 40 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirana Hills, Sargodha District, Punjab", "coordinates": "31.9500, 72.7000", "lat": 31.95, "lng": 72.7, "thickness": "Variable (inselberg remnants)", "lithology": "Rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, andesite, granite, diorite, gabbro", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Potwar Basin; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of building stone and aggregate", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Covered by alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "chiniot-granite", "name": "Chiniot Granite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chiniot-granite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (850-900 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chiniot, Punjab", "coordinates": "31.7200, 72.9800", "lat": 31.72, "lng": 72.98, "thickness": "Variable", "lithology": "Pink biotite granite, aplite, pegmatite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Quaternary alluvium", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "mansehra-granite", "name": "Mansehra Granite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mansehra-granite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "", "age": "Early–Middle Ordovician (~478–466 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Shams (1961)", "typeLocality": "Mansehra, Hazara, KP", "coordinates": "34.3333, 73.2000", "lat": 34.3333, "lng": 73.2, "thickness": "Plutonic body (several km)", "lithology": "Tourmaline-bearing leucogranite, two-mica granite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Susal Gali Granite Gneiss; Hakale Granite", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Intrusive into Tanawal Formation", "underlies": "Covered by Mesozoic sequence", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "nagarparkar-complex", "name": "Nagarparkar Igneous Complex", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nagarparkar-complex", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (Malani Igneous Suite, ~750-770 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Karunjhar Hills, Nagarparkar, Sindh", "coordinates": "24.3500, 70.7100", "lat": 24.35, "lng": 70.71, "thickness": "Variable (plutonic-volcanic complex)", "lithology": "Granite, rhyolite, basalt, granophyre", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Dimension stone quarrying", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Crystalline basement", "underlies": "Quaternary deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "besham-group", "name": "Besham Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/besham-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Archean-Paleoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Archean to Paleoproterozoic (>1800 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Fletcher et al. (1986)", "typeLocality": "Besham, Indus valley (the Besham Nappe)", "coordinates": "34.9200, 72.8800", "lat": 34.92, "lng": 72.88, "thickness": "3000+ m", "lithology": "Granitic, biotite-rich orthogneiss together with metasedimentary gneiss, schist, metapsammite, marble and amphibolite, with komatiitic metavolcanics.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Gemstone potential (emeralds in associated rocks)", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Crystalline basement (deepest exposed)", "underlies": "Karora Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "iskere-gneiss", "name": "Iskere Gneiss", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/iskere-gneiss", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Paleoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleoproterozoic (~1850 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Iskere village, Nanga Parbat, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "1500+ m", "lithology": "Augen gneiss, biotite-muscovite gneiss, migmatite", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Nanga Parbat Massif; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shingus Gneiss", "underlies": "Nanga Parbat Gneiss", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "nanga-parbat-gneiss", "name": "Nanga Parbat Gneiss", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nanga-parbat-gneiss", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Mesoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Nanga Parbat massif, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2000+ m", "lithology": "Paragneiss, pelitic schist, calc-silicate, quartzite, marble", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Nanga Parbat Massif; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Iskere Gneiss", "underlies": "Kohistan Arc rocks (across MMT)", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "mangla-gneiss", "name": "Mangla Gneiss", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mangla-gneiss", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Paleoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (Paleoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Mangla Dam area, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir", "coordinates": "33.1400, 73.6400", "lat": 33.14, "lng": 73.64, "thickness": "Unknown (drill core intercepts)", "lithology": "Biotite gneiss, quartzofeldspathic gneiss, amphibolite", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Deep crystalline basement", "underlies": "Precambrian-Paleozoic sedimentary cover", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "sargodha-ridge-basement", "name": "Sargodha Ridge Basement", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sargodha-ridge-basement", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Archean-Proterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (Archean-Proterozoic)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sargodha area, Punjab (subsurface)", "coordinates": "32.0800, 72.6700", "lat": 32.08, "lng": 72.67, "thickness": "Unknown (buried feature)", "lithology": "Granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite (subsurface)", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Controls petroleum migration pathways in Punjab Platform", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Deep crystalline basement", "underlies": "Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary cover", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "petaro-ridge-basement", "name": "Petaro-Hyderabad Ridge", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/petaro-ridge-basement", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Proterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Petaro-Hyderabad area, Sindh (subsurface)", "coordinates": "25.5200, 68.3100", "lat": 25.52, "lng": 68.31, "thickness": "Unknown (buried feature)", "lithology": "Crystalline basement (granite, gneiss — subsurface)", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Controls gas field locations in Lower Sindh", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Deep crystalline basement", "underlies": "Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary sequence", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "jafar-kandao-formation", "name": "Jafar Kandao Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jafar-kandao-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Devonian (Famennian) to Mid-Carboniferous (Westphalian)", "introducedBy": "Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "Jafar Kandao, Rustam area northeast of Nowshera", "coordinates": "34.3500, 72.2833", "lat": 34.35, "lng": 72.2833, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Argillite with subordinate limestone, quartzite and conglomerate; a discontinuous conglomerate marks the basal unconformity.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Conodonts", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nowshera Formation", "underlies": "Panjpir Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "karapa-greenschist", "name": "Karapa Greenschist", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/karapa-greenschist", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Carboniferous to Late Triassic (bracketed by bounding formations)", "introducedBy": "Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "South-facing slope of Gumbat Sar between Karapa and Sonigram villages; well exposed near Karapa village, about 30 km NE of Baroch (Survey of Pakistan Topographic Sheet 43B/7).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metamorphosed tholeiitic basalt (greenschist), identified on geochemical analyses.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Jafar Kandao Formation", "underlies": "Kashala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "nowshera-formation", "name": "Nowshera Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nowshera-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Early Devonian", "age": "Early Devonian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968); redefined by Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "3.5 km north of Nowshera", "coordinates": "34.0470, 71.9750", "lat": 34.047, "lng": 71.975, "thickness": "595 m", "lithology": "Reef limestone rich in corals and stromatoporoids, surrounded by brecciated reef limestone and sparsely fossiliferous dolomite, with a middle carbonate-cemented sandstone unit.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, reef", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Corals; Stromatoporoids; Cephalopods; Gastropods; Brachiopods; Conodonts", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Panjpir Formation", "underlies": "Shagai Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "panjpir-formation", "name": "Panjpir Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjpir-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician–Silurian", "epoch": "Middle Ordovician(?)–Late Silurian (Pridolian)", "age": "Middle Ordovician(?) to Late Silurian", "introducedBy": "Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "Panjpir village, Mardan District", "coordinates": "34.1000, 72.5333", "lat": 34.1, "lng": 72.5333, "thickness": "110–1,075 m", "lithology": "Slate and phyllite with intercalations of limestone and quartzite, and a basal conglomerate carrying quartzite, dolomite, limestone and argillite clasts.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Crinoids; Pelecypods; Cephalopods; Nautiloids; Conodonts", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Jobra Formation", "underlies": "Nowshera Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "mona-jhal-group", "name": "Mona Jhal Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mona-jhal-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early–Late Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Parh Range, Sulaiman", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-600 m", "lithology": "Black shale (Sembar), limestone-shale-siltstone (Goru), sandstone (Mekhtar) and pelagic limestone (Parh).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Planktic foraminifera; Ammonites", "synonyms": "Parh Group", "economic": "Contains the Sembar source rock and Lower Goru reservoir — the core of the Indus Basin petroleum system.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir", "overlies": "Goru Formation", "underlies": "Mughal Kot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "baltoro-granite", "name": "Baltoro Granite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baltoro-granite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early Miocene", "age": "Early Miocene (~21 Ma; U–Pb zircon emplacement 21.0 ± 0.5 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram", "coordinates": "35.7500, 76.3000", "lat": 35.75, "lng": 76.3, "thickness": "Plutonic body (10+ km)", "lithology": "Biotite granite, muscovite granite, leucogranite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Intrusive into Karakoram metamorphics", "underlies": "Exposed at surface", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "hunza-plutonic-unit", "name": "Hunza Plutonic Unit", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hunza-plutonic-unit", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Albian (mid-Cretaceous)", "age": "Mid-Cretaceous (~105 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Hunza Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan", "coordinates": "36.32, 74.66", "lat": 36.32, "lng": 74.66, "thickness": "Plutonic body", "lithology": "Granodiorite, tonalite, diorite", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Intrusive into older metamorphics", "underlies": "Covered by younger deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "darkot-group", "name": "Darkot Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darkot-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic (Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian)", "introducedBy": "Ivanac et al. (1956)", "typeLocality": "Darkot village, upper Yasin valley", "coordinates": "36.4700, 73.5300", "lat": 36.47, "lng": 73.53, "thickness": "3000+ m", "lithology": "A thick sequence of slate, limestone, quartzite, conglomerate, schist, marble, gneiss and volcanics.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Bryozoans; Foraminifera; Brachiopods; Crinoids; Corals; Gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chitral Slate", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "shogram-formation", "name": "Shogram Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shogram-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Middle–Late Devonian", "age": "Middle–Late Devonian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1966)", "typeLocality": "Shogram village (mount), Yarkhun valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~230 m at the Kurâgh Spur type section (180 m on the Yarkhun R.; ~80 m at Chillinji); the widely-cited ~800 m (Bender & Raza 1995; Kazmi & Jan 1997) is unsupported (Talent et al. 1999)", "lithology": "Massive crinoidal dolomite in the lower part; bedded dolomite, fossiliferous limestone with corals and thin shale in the middle; and cross-bedded fine- to medium-grained quartzite with brachiopod-bearing limestone in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral; Karakoram", "fossils": "Rugose corals; Brachiopods; Conodonts; Trilobites (Neocalmonia chitralensis, N. batillifera orientalis)", "synonyms": "Sewakht Formation; Owir Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "underlies": "Lun Shale", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lun-shale", "name": "Lun Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lun-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Silurian to Late Devonian (structurally disrupted mélange)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Lun, Chitral", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200-500 m", "lithology": "Slates and shales with subordinate quartzarenites and limestones, structurally disrupted (a stratigraphic mélange)", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Ammonoids (rare); Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shogram Formation", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "reshun-formation", "name": "Reshun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/reshun-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Hayden (1915)", "typeLocality": "Reshun, Mastuj valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "36.1550, 72.0989", "lat": 36.155, "lng": 72.0989, "thickness": "500-1500 m", "lithology": "The Reshun Conglomerate: a lower psammite/conglomerate (Awi Conglomerate) overlain by micritic limestone and maroon shale.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marginal marine, marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Megalodon; Corals; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "Awi Conglomerate; Tupop Conglomerate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Krinj Limestone", "underlies": "Chitral Slate", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "ailak-formation", "name": "Ailak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ailak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Baroghil Alak by Gaetani et al", "coordinates": "36.85, 73.38", "lat": 36.85, "lng": 73.38, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "Massive dolomite and limestone.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Fusulinid foraminifera (Nankinella, Sphaerulina); Dasyclad alga (Permocalculus); Tubiphytes", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gharil Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "guhjal-dolomite", "name": "Guhjal Dolomite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/guhjal-dolomite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "introducedBy": "Characterised for the Gujhal (Gojal) area of Upper Hunza by Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Gojal (Gujhal) area, Upper Hunza, Northern Karakorum (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive grey platform dolostones and dolomitic limestones with peritidal cycles.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "carbonate platform, peritidal, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "megalodontid bivalves (Triassic); colonial scleractinian corals (Triassic); Parafusulina sp. (Permian base)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chapursan Group", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shanoz-conglomerate", "name": "Shanoz Conglomerate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shanoz-conglomerate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Late Cretaceous–Early Palaeocene", "introducedBy": "Desio & Martina (1972)", "typeLocality": "Near Mount Shanoz, Upper Hunza Valley, Northern Karakorum (Gilgit-Baltistan); clasts also seen in streams near Khaiber village.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Pinkish-red, medium-textured conglomerate in a siliceous-argillaceous matrix; subangular to subrounded clasts (in ascending order of abundance) of limestone-dolomite (Guhjal Dolomite), slate and schist (Gircha Formation and Passu Slate), and quartzite (Pak-China Friendship Formation).", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "alluvial, molasse", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Guhjal Dolomite", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "akhtar-nika-formation", "name": "Akhtar Nika Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/akhtar-nika-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Aminullah & Kansi (2012)", "typeLocality": "Qila Saifullah–Sharin Jogezai section", "coordinates": "30.7011, 68.3597", "lat": 30.7011, "lng": 68.3597, "thickness": "1,000–1,500 m", "lithology": "Alternating limestone and shale (Parh-like limestone near Mand).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "ali-masjid-formation", "name": "Ali Masjid Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ali-masjid-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Devonian–Early Mississippian (Tournaisian)", "age": "Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (early Frasnian to mid-Tournaisian)", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968)", "typeLocality": "Ali Masjid village, Khyber Pass", "coordinates": "34.0800, 71.2900", "lat": 34.08, "lng": 71.29, "thickness": "220 m", "lithology": "Red shale alternating with siltstone, sandstone, quartzite and limestone, with thin conglomerates and lateritic beds marking repeated breaks in sedimentation.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, marginal marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Corals; Conodonts (Famennian–Tournaisian zonal fauna)", "synonyms": "Ali Masjid Group", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shagai Limestone", "underlies": "Khyber Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "alpurai-group", "name": "Alpurai Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/alpurai-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic–Mesozoic", "introducedBy": "DiPietro (1990)", "typeLocality": "Alpurai, Swat", "coordinates": "34.9000, 72.6500", "lat": 34.9, "lng": 72.65, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Unfossiliferous siliceous schist, calcareous quartz-mica-garnet schist, marble and para-amphibolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Manglaur Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "ambar-formation", "name": "Ambar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ambar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "Ambar village, Swabi-Jehangira road (Nowshera-Swabi area)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "more than 425 m", "lithology": "Brownish-grey dolomite with chert lenses and shale layers; the upper part is more massive with stromatolitic laminations.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Amber Formation; Amber dolomite", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Jobra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "misri-banda-quartzite", "name": "Misri Banda Quartzite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/misri-banda-quartzite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early-Middle Ordovician", "age": "Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llandeilo)", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968); restricted by Pogue and Hussain (1986)", "typeLocality": "Near Misri Banda, 10 km NE of Nowshera (34.017 N, 72.101 E).", "coordinates": "34.0172, 72.1014", "lat": 34.0172, "lng": 72.1014, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Arenaceous and calcareous quartzite (fine- to medium-grained quartz with feldspar in a siliceous to calcareous matrix), cross-bedded and ripple-marked with vertical Skolithos burrows; dark-grey laminated argillite in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Cruziana rugosa (trace fossils); Skolithos burrows", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ambar Formation", "underlies": "Panjpir Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "anjira-formation", "name": "Anjira Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/anjira-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Anjira", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100-352 m", "lithology": "Clayey limestone At the type section, designated by Anwar et al. (1991), the lithology is composed of thin to thick-bedded limestone interbeded locally with partings of marl and calcareous shale. The limestone is grey to dark grey, weathers brownish grey, and is lithographic and fossiliferous. It is marly, shelly, mottled and muddy at places. The marl is grey to greenish grey, weathers brownish g…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Anjira Member (basal Shirinab Formation; Williams 1959)", "economic": "Hosts stratabound lead-zinc mineralization of the Khuzdar belt in the upper part of the Jurassic Shirinab succession: the Gunga deposit (~6% Zn, 1.5% Pb; SEDEX-type) and the nearby Surmai deposit (Mississippi-Valley-type, ~6.5% combined, with 10-20 g/t Ag) — an important Zn-Pb-Ag resource (Malkani 2020).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Spingwar Formation", "underlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "arkari-formation", "name": "Arkari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/arkari-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian–Jurassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian–Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Leake et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "West of the Tirich (Mir) Fault, Chitral District", "coordinates": "36.2000, 71.8000", "lat": 36.2, "lng": 71.8, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Schist, phyllite, quartzite and extensive marble (metasediments up to lower-amphibolite facies).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "ashtigar-formation", "name": "Ashtigar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ashtigar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1993)", "typeLocality": "Ashtigar village, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.50", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.5, "thickness": "about 110 m", "lithology": "Thick, dark grey marly shale interbedded with fine-grained turbidites, calcarenite and volcanic debris.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine, deep marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Trigonia-type bivalves; Brachiopods; Crinoids; Foraminifera; Nannofossils", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Yashkuk Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "atark-formation", "name": "Atark Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/atark-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian to Triassic", "introducedBy": "Buchroithner (1978)", "typeLocality": "Named from the Atark Valley, a tributary of the Tirich Gol east of the Tirich Mir; forms a continuous strip north of the Tirich Boundary Zone from the SW edge of the map to Inkip in the Yarkhun Valley.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dolomite, limestone, shale, sandstone and marble.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "baintha-group", "name": "Baintha Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baintha-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Baintha Brak Peak, above the Biafo glacier", "coordinates": "35.9481, 75.7533", "lat": 35.9481, "lng": 75.7533, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive beds of marble, locally intruded by granite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "baltit-group", "name": "Baltit Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baltit-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968c)", "typeLocality": "Baltit, Hunza State", "coordinates": "36.3167, 74.6667", "lat": 36.3167, "lng": 74.6667, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, quartzite and crystalline limestone/marble (metasediments).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bampokha-group", "name": "Bampokha Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bampokha-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (undifferentiated)", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "(1992) for the Girarai and Tursak formations exposed in the south of MCT in the Lesser Himalaya and consists of low-grade clac schist and marble and graphitic schist.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "banna-formation", "name": "Banna Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/banna-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian–Triassic", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1979)", "typeLocality": "Banna village, east of Besham", "coordinates": "34.83, 73.06", "lat": 34.83, "lng": 73.06, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Marble, slate, graphitic schist and chlorite schist.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "continental", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "sillimanite gneisses of the Hazara nappe", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bara-formation", "name": "Bara Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bara-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, northern Laki Range", "coordinates": "26.1183, 67.8867", "lat": 26.1183, "lng": 67.8867, "thickness": "60-600 m (based on surface exposures) m", "lithology": "Fluviatile to paralic sandstone and shale with coal and carbonaceous beds.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The principal coal-bearing horizon of the Sindh (Lower Indus) coalfields, including the Lakhra, Sonda and Thar areas.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Khadro Formation", "underlies": "Lakhra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 10 }, { "id": "baroghil-group", "name": "Baroghil Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baroghil-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician–Silurian", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician–Silurian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1982)", "typeLocality": "Baroghil Pass, Yarkhun valley, Chitral district", "coordinates": "36.8843, 73.3529", "lat": 36.8843, "lng": 73.3529, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Basal chert-rich conglomerate and arkosic sandstone with brachiopods, overlain by slate with metadolomite and quartzite.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Acritarchs; Conodonts; Brachiopods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ishkarwaz Granite", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "barum-formation", "name": "Barum Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/barum-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Paleozoic (undifferentiated)", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (inferred; unfossiliferous)", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Barum glacier, north of Ramach, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "36.46, 73.52", "lat": 36.46, "lng": 73.52, "thickness": "300–500 m", "lithology": "300–500 m of sandstone, siltstone, slate, microconglomerate and thin limestone, with basal black shale and lenses of white dolomitic marble.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "baska-formation", "name": "Baska Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baska-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill et al. (1973)", "typeLocality": "2 km east-northeast of Baska village", "coordinates": "31.4833, 70.1333", "lat": 31.4833, "lng": 70.1333, "thickness": "100m", "lithology": "Green to grey shale and claystone interbedded with alabaster (gypsum), gypsiferous limestone and marl.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "restricted marine, evaporitic", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Barbatia drougensis; Gosavia humberti", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Contains alabaster (gypsum) beds.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "Toi Formation", "underlies": "Habib Rahi Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "bauma-harel-formation", "name": "Bauma Harel Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bauma-harel-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene (uncertain; ?Jurassic)", "introducedBy": "Kazmi and Abbasi (2008)", "typeLocality": "Bauma Harel locality, Askole–Skoro Lungma and Thalle area, northeast of Skardu", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Volcanic metasediments metamorphosed to chlorite–epidote greenschist, interbedded with slate, phyllite, minor carbonate layers and conglomerate; the lower part comprises amphibolite, marble and metapelite basement.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "turritellid gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "daltumbore-formation", "name": "Daltumbore Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/daltumbore-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (Permian brachiopods, crinoids and bryozoans reported from associated limestones; Brookfield & Gupta 1984)", "introducedBy": "Hanson (1989); after Desio (1963, 1964) and Zanettin (1964)", "typeLocality": "Northeast side of the Shigar Valley (Daltumbore–Skoro Lungma area), Baltistan, northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Interbedded clastic and carbonate metasediments — shales, limestones and conglomerates passing along strike into slates, marbles and garnet-biotite schists as metamorphic grade increases northwestward.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram (Asian plate)", "region": "Shigar Valley, Baltistan", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Skoro Lungma Slates; Daltumbore Micaschists; Askore Amphibolites", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "bdongo-la-formation", "name": "Bdongo-La Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bdongo-la-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Desio and Fantini (1960)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam valley, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.10, 76.50", "lat": 36.1, "lng": 76.5, "thickness": "about 200 m", "lithology": "Marly sandstone and dark-coloured limestone.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Corals; Ammonites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marpo Sandstone", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "besham-banda-limestone", "name": "Deshan Banda Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/besham-banda-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic-Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Deshan Banda locality in upper Swat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "Kalam Group about 800 m (Karandoki Slate + Deshan Banda Limestone + Shon Quartzite)", "lithology": "Grey limestone of the Kalam Group (Dir-Drosh area), overlying the Karandoki Slate and overlain by the Shon Quartzite; the Kalam Group is about 800 m thick and assigned a Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous age (Tahirkheli 1980).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Dir-Drosh", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "bostan-formation", "name": "Bostan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bostan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Middle Pleistocene to Holocene", "age": "Middle Pleistocene to present (Chibanian-Holocene; ~0.77-0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2012)", "typeLocality": "Kamroud village, Siahan Range (Makran)", "coordinates": "30.4325, 67.0061", "lat": 30.4325, "lng": 67.0061, "thickness": "600-750 m", "lithology": "Gypsiferous claystone to sandstone; lacustrine to playa deposits.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "lacustrine, playa", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Sakhi Sarwar Group (in part)", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Subrecent and Recent deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "burawai-formation", "name": "Burawai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/burawai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic (post-Late-Carboniferous cover; correlated with the Panjal Volcanics)", "introducedBy": "Greco et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "Burawai, Upper Kaghan valley", "coordinates": "34.9420, 73.8690", "lat": 34.942, "lng": 73.869, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary schist, marble and paragneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "burji-formation", "name": "Burji Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/burji-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1978)", "typeLocality": "Burji La (Burjila), south of the Indus", "coordinates": "35.1600, 75.6300", "lat": 35.16, "lng": 75.63, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Several km of phyllites, shales and limestone with chlorite–epidote greenschists.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chak-jabbi-limestone", "name": "Chak Jabbi Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chak-jabbi-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Middle Triassic", "age": "Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian; ~246.7-237.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi (1972)", "typeLocality": "Near Bagh village, Kalachitta Range (Kohat-Margala Province); reference section 1 km ESE of Bagh village", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30 m (type section)", "lithology": "Thin- to medium-bedded (15-60 cm) grey, brownish-grey-weathering sub-lithographic limestone; slope-forming; unfossiliferous.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Chak Jabbi Formation", "economic": "Raw material for cement; mined in the lowest beds exposed east of the Hattar Cement Factory.", "economicResources": "Cement & lime", "overlies": "Mianwali Formation", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chalt-formation", "name": "Chalt Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chalt-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permo-Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1964)", "typeLocality": "Chalt village, about 40 km north of Gilgit, Hunza valley", "coordinates": "36.2333, 74.3333", "lat": 36.2333, "lng": 74.3333, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dark-grey quartz–biotite schist with subordinate quartzite, marble and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Bryozoans; Fenestella; Productids; Corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chamalang-group", "name": "Chamalang (=Ghazij) Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chamalang-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2010a)", "typeLocality": "Spintangi", "coordinates": "29.9517, 68.0833", "lat": 29.9517, "lng": 68.0833, "thickness": "≈780 m at Kingri to ≈1,372 m in the Mughal Kot area; thins toward the Marri-Bugti Hills", "lithology": "Thick shale with subordinate sandstone, limestone, coal, gypsum and laterite.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marginal marine, paralic", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Early Eocene mammals", "synonyms": "Ghazij Group", "economic": "Hosts coal (Toi Formation) and gypsum (Baska Formation); the Ghazij shales form a regional seal.", "economicResources": "Seal; Coal & lignite; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chapursan-group", "name": "Chapursan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chapursan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian–Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Chapursan and Shimshal valleys, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.50", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.5, "thickness": "~400-500 m (Karambar sheet)", "lithology": "A thick, mainly carbonate succession (Karambar Unit, Shuinj Glacier): brownish well-bedded and massive limestones passing to platy black limestones (KCh1), massive white limestones with large fusulinids passing to grey-black well-bedded limestones (KCh2), slates and marls passing up to cyclic marlstones and massive limestones (KCh3), massive carbonates interfingering with KCh3 (KCh4), and undifferentiated black slates and marlstones at the top (KCh5).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, carbonate platform, basinal", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "chatti-formation", "name": "Chatti Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chatti-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early Pleistocene", "age": "Early Pleistocene (Gelasian; ~2.58-1.80 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "25.3000, 62.1300", "lat": 25.3, "lng": 62.13, "thickness": "over 1000 m", "lithology": "Clayey sandstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine, shelf", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Talar Formation", "underlies": "Talar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "chaudhwan-formation", "name": "Chaudhwan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chaudhwan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Pliocene–Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill and Kidwai (1973)", "typeLocality": "Chaudhwan Zam, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "31.6167, 70.25", "lat": 31.6167, "lng": 70.25, "thickness": "~1,500–2,100 m", "lithology": "Mud, sandstone and conglomerate, becoming conglomerate-dominated upward.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial, continental", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of gravel and sand for construction aggregate.", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Litra Formation", "underlies": "Dada Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "chikar-formation", "name": "Chikar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chikar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Cambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Cambrian", "introducedBy": "Kazmi and Jan (1997)", "typeLocality": "Chikar village, upper Yarkhun valley, south of Darkot Pass", "coordinates": "36.68, 73.45", "lat": 36.68, "lng": 73.45, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary siltstone and quartzite intruded by granitic dykes, passing southward into schist, hornfels and migmatite.", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chikchi-ri-shale", "name": "Chikchi-ri Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chikchi-ri-shale", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Triassic (Early Triassic)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Chikchi-ri", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Black, green, brown and red shale with thin beds of limestone, tuff and lava flows.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Neospathodus homeri); Meandrospira pusilla", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chilmarabad-formation", "name": "Chilmarabad Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chilmarabad-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Type section measured north of Chilmarabad village, Yarkhun Valley; also exposed on the plateau NW of Lashkargaz.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "max ~145 m (Axial) to ~300 m (Karambar); ~230 m in the Lashkargaz/Baroghil sheet", "lithology": "Slate, dolomitic limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Tabulate corals (Thamnopora, Pachycanalicula); Calcareous alga (Pseudopalaeoporella); Stromatoporoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Baroghil Group", "underlies": "Shogram Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chogo-lungma-group", "name": "Chogo Lungma Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chogo-lungma-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Confluence of the Bolocho and Chogo Lungma glaciers, near Sost, Hunza valley", "coordinates": "35.90, 75.05", "lat": 35.9, "lng": 75.05, "thickness": "", "lithology": "White to greyish-blue, intensely folded marble interbedded with amphibolite; the impure marble carries diopside, phlogopite and grossular garnet, with calc-silicate layers and locally green tremolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "chushal-formation", "name": "Chushal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chushal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Carboniferous", "age": "Early Permian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Agglomeratic slate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "chutrun-limestone", "name": "Chutrun Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chutrun-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "West of the Basha River, near the Karakoram Metamorphic Complex (Chogo Lungma area)", "coordinates": "35.80, 75.42", "lat": 35.8, "lng": 75.42, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Marble that splits into hectometric lenses wrapped in schist.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "dada-formation", "name": "Dada Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dada-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Dada River south of Spintangi Railway station", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 1,000 m (Urak area)", "lithology": "Conglomerate with subordinate mud and sandstone.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Source of gravel and sand for construction aggregate.", "economicResources": "Building stone", "overlies": "Chaudhwan Formation", "underlies": "Sakhi Sarwar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "darband-formation", "name": "Darband Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darband-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Early Maastrichtian)", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1993)", "typeLocality": "Darband post, Chapursan valley, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.7200, 74.7800", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.78, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "About 300 m of red and grey nodular limestone interbedded with conglomerate at the top.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Inoceramid fragments; Coccoliths", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Reshit Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "dark-limestone", "name": "Dark Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dark-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996a)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 150 m", "lithology": "About 150 m of dark limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "darwaza-formation", "name": "Darwaza Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darwaza-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleozoic (undifferentiated)", "introducedBy": "Hussain et al. (1990)", "typeLocality": "Attock Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Cream-coloured limestone with dolomite, overlain by maroon argillite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Hisartang Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "dilband-formation", "name": "Dilband Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dilband-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Abbas et al. (1998)", "typeLocality": "Dilband area, Kalat District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 20m", "lithology": "Oolitic hematite ironstone with sandstone and shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Choffatia; Bullatimorphites bullatus; Clydoniceras; Brohisaurus kirthari", "synonyms": "Mazar Drik Formation", "economic": "Hosts the Dilband iron-ore deposit — Pakistan's largest — oolitic hematite at the top-Chiltan unconformity grading about 52–62% iron oxide.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "underlies": "Sembar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "dir-group", "name": "Dir Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dir-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Latest Cretaceous–Paleocene", "age": "Late Paleocene to Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1979)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Baraul Banda slate (shale, greywacke, calcareous beds and volcanics) and the Utror volcanic formation.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "drosh-formation", "name": "Drosh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/drosh-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Drosh", "coordinates": "35.5684, 71.8038", "lat": 35.5684, "lng": 71.8038, "thickness": "about 1,500 m", "lithology": "Epidotised vesicular andesite with interbedded thin red shales.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Purit Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "duma-formation", "name": "Duma Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/duma-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Carboniferous to Triassic", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "dumordo-formation", "name": "Dumordo Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dumordo-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Uncertain (unfossiliferous) — Permo-Carboniferous (Stauffer 1968c) or Precambrian–Lower Palaeozoic (Tahirkheli 1982)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Dumordo, a tributary of the Biaho River in the upper Braldu valley", "coordinates": "35.7357, 75.9772", "lat": 35.7357, "lng": 75.9772, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Garnet–staurolite schist, garnet–mica schist, garnet amphibolite, crystalline marble and micaceous quartzite, with lenses of biotite gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "early-middle-eocene-kahan-group", "name": "Early-Middle Eocene Kahan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/early-middle-eocene-kahan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Khan (2009)", "typeLocality": "Kahan", "coordinates": "29.2982, 68.9023", "lat": 29.2982, "lng": 68.9023, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone and calcareous shale (Habib Rahi, Pirkoh) alternating with marl and shale (Domanda, Drazinda).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Pirkoh and Habib Rahi limestones are gas reservoirs; the Drazinda Shale yields celestite.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "fort-munro-formation", "name": "Fort Munro Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/fort-munro-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Fort Munro, in the hills along the Fort Munro–Dera Ghazi Khan road, eastern Sulaiman Range (Rakhi Nala designated as reference section)", "coordinates": "29.9539, 70.1772", "lat": 29.9539, "lng": 70.1772, "thickness": "100m", "lithology": "Dark-grey, hard, thick-bedded limestone with marly and shaly interbeds in the Sulaiman area; grey to cream, thin-bedded above and thick-bedded to massive, reefoid below in the Kirthar area.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, reef", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Omphaocyclus sp; Orbitoides sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Building-limestone source.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Mughal Kot Formation", "underlies": "Pab Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "fort-munro-group", "name": "Fort Munro Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/fort-munro-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2009a)", "typeLocality": "Western flank of Fort Munro anticline (along the Fort Munro - D", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "44-100 m", "lithology": "Marl and shale (Mughal Kot), reefoid limestone (Fort Munro) and sandstone (Pab), with the Vitakri red beds.", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "marine, marginal marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Pab Sandstone is a significant gas reservoir.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Pab Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "gahirat-limestone", "name": "Gahirat Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gahirat-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1958)", "typeLocality": "Gahirat village, about 10 km north of Drosh, Chitral", "coordinates": "35.6600, 71.7900", "lat": 35.66, "lng": 71.79, "thickness": "up to about 3 km (marble)", "lithology": "Grey, massive limestone with coarsely crystalline marble (locally up to about 3 km thick) and a central zone of grey micaceous phyllite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "ganchen-formation", "name": "Ganchen Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ganchen-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian–Permian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Ganchen Peak (6462 m), north of the Shigar valley, Skardu district", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metapelite with less common gneiss and amphibolite and thick beds of crystalline limestone and dolomite; pelites carry a kyanite–staurolite–garnet–biotite–muscovite–plagioclase–quartz assemblage.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gandaf-formation", "name": "Gandaf Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gandaf-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Proterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Middle–Late Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Pogue et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Gandaf, Indus valley", "coordinates": "34.1167, 72.6833", "lat": 34.1167, "lng": 72.6833, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dark schist overlain by and interbedded with graphitic slate, phyllite, schist and marble; garnet-schist horizons are conspicuous, and intrusive rocks are abundant.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Karora Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "gawuch-formation", "name": "Gawuch Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gawuch-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Gawuch Gol", "coordinates": "35.6000, 71.8000", "lat": 35.6, "lng": 71.8, "thickness": "about 2,000 m", "lithology": "Green phyllites and limestone; intruded near the base by diorite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Purit Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "gharil-formation", "name": "Gharil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gharil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian–Late Triassic", "age": "Middle to Late Permian (Kubergandian–Midian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Gharil", "coordinates": "36.8800, 73.4200", "lat": 36.88, "lng": 73.42, "thickness": "~5 m (Lasht/Siru) to ~20 m (Lashkargaz/Baroghil)", "lithology": "Siltstone, sandstone and marl, with poorly sorted microconglomerate and dark red hematitic cross-bedded sandstone (ironstone) at its scoured base in the Baroghil region.", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "marginal marine, marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lashkargaz Formation", "underlies": "Ailak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "ghundai-sar-formation", "name": "Ghundai Sar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ghundai-sar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian (Gundhai Sar / 'Ali Masjid Group' sequence; ?Early Devonian to late Famennian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "Tabulate corals (Cladopora, Thamnopora, Favosites); Heliolites; Crinoids; Conodonts (late Famennian)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gilgit-formation", "name": "Gilgit Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gilgit-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous (Jaglot Group, Kohistan arc)", "introducedBy": "Khan T. et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Sai Nala, near Gilgit, Kohistan (Gilgit-Baltistan), northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 1 km (succession of schists, paragneisses, calc-silicates and amphibolites, some derived from pillowed basalts)", "lithology": "Interlayered schists, paragneisses and amphibolites (the Gilgit–Kachura gneisses of Le Fort & Pecher).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, metamorphic", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Gashu-confluence volcanics", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "girarai-formation", "name": "Girarai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/girarai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tilgram Formation", "underlies": "Tursak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "gircha-formation", "name": "Gircha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gircha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Late Carboniferous–Early Permian", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Gircha", "coordinates": "36.6300, 74.8500", "lat": 36.63, "lng": 74.85, "thickness": ">50 m (Axial) to >500 m (Karambar); ~250 m in the Lashkargaz/Baroghil sheet", "lithology": "Thick-bedded to massive arkosic and quartzarenitic sandstone with slate (argillite) intercalations, passing upward into dark argillites with thin limestone–dolomite beds; sandstones are rich in igneous rock fragments.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, deltaic, rift", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Trigonotreta stokesi; Spirelytha petaliformis; Punctospirifer afghanus; Eurydesma sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Misgar Slate", "underlies": "Chapursan Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 11 }, { "id": "gorag-formation", "name": "Gorag Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gorag-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Oligocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "gum-formation", "name": "Gum Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gum-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian–Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Qalandar Gum glacier, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "About 1000 m of limestone and slate.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "gwal-formation", "name": "Gwal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gwal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Anwar et al. (1991)", "typeLocality": "Trakai-Gwal section, Axial Belt", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "350 m", "lithology": "It consists of variegated shale and thin bedded limestone and marl with rare mafic intrusion and diabase flow.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Wulgai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "hachi-group", "name": "Hachi Volcanic Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hachi-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Neoproterozoic", "introducedBy": "Shah (2009) (after the Hachi volcanics, Alam 1987)", "typeLocality": "Hachi hill, north of Sikhanwali (Kirana Hills)", "coordinates": "31.9025, 72.7000", "lat": 31.9025, "lng": 72.7, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Quartzite, slates, phyllite, tuffs and lava flows (the Hachi volcanics).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, metamorphic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Hachi Group; Hachi Volcanics", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "harmosh-formation", "name": "Harmosh Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/harmosh-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (undifferentiated)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Harmosh (Haramosh) Range, Gilgit District", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Amphibolite-grade biotite schist and gneiss, marble, calc-silicate gneiss and amphibolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "metamorphic", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Nanga-Parbat-Harmosh Massif", "provinces": "Nanga Parbat Massif", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "hisartang-formation", "name": "Hisartang Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hisartang-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician", "introducedBy": "Hussain et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "Hisartang, Attock-Cherat Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "minimum 650 m", "lithology": "White-to-grey, fine-grained unfossiliferous quartzite with worm burrows and dark argillite beds in the middle.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Darwaza Formation", "underlies": "Inzari Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "hispar-sar-group", "name": "Hispar Sar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hispar-sar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1996)", "typeLocality": "Right bank of the Hispar glacier, extending northwest into the Hunza valley", "coordinates": "36.0800, 75.3000", "lat": 36.08, "lng": 75.3, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Massive marble with aluminous schist, quartzite and dark amphibolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Ganesh Marble", "economic": "Hosts the famous Hunza ruby (corundum) deposits and other gemstones.", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "inzari-limestone", "name": "Inzari Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/inzari-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Hussain et al. (1990)", "typeLocality": "Inzari, Attock-Cherat Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Thin-bedded, yellowish- to greenish-grey crystalline limestone with common dendrites and stylolites.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Hisartang Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "jabrai-formation", "name": "Jabrai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jabrai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Aminullah & Kansi (2012)", "typeLocality": "Qila Saifullah–Sharin Jogezai section", "coordinates": "30.7011, 68.3597", "lat": 30.7011, "lng": 68.3597, "thickness": "500–1,000 m", "lithology": "Mudstone and shale with alternations of thin marl and limestone beds.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "jaglot-group", "name": "Jaglot Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jaglot-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic–Cretaceous", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic–Middle Cretaceous", "age": "Jurassic–Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Khan T. et al. (1994)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "more than ~2.5 km total (Gilgit Formation ~1 km + Gashu-Confluence Volcanics ~0.5 km + Thelichi Formation >1 km)", "lithology": "Schists and paragneisses (Gilgit Formation) overlain by the Gashu-Confluence Volcanics and the metavolcanic-bearing Thelichi Formation.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "jobra-formation", "name": "Jobra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/jobra-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early–Middle Ordovician", "age": "Early–Middle Ordovician", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968a)", "typeLocality": "Misri Banda, Nowshera area", "coordinates": "34.5836, 72.3956", "lat": 34.5836, "lng": 72.3956, "thickness": "175 m", "lithology": "Grey to pinkish, cross-bedded feldspathic quartzite with subordinate argillite, a basal conglomerate, and crinoidal limestone with dark phyllite in the upper third.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "Cruziana rugosa", "synonyms": "Misri Banda Quartzite", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ambar Formation", "underlies": "Panjpir Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "kaghan-group", "name": "Kaghan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kaghan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Ghazanfar and Chaudhry (1986)", "typeLocality": "Lower Kaghan valley, west of Balakot", "coordinates": "34.54, 73.35", "lat": 34.54, "lng": 73.35, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metapelite, schist, quartzite, marble, metaconglomerate and pegmatite (greenschist facies).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "kahan-group", "name": "Kahan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kahan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Khan (2009); type section Malkani (2010)", "typeLocality": "Kahan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Basal Jatta Gypsum overlain by the Habib Rahi, Domanda, Pirkoh and Drazinda limestone-and-shale formations.", "lithologyType": "gypsum", "environment": "shallow marine, evaporitic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Jatta Gypsum is a major gypsum resource; the Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones are gas reservoirs.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Salt & evaporites", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kamerod-formation", "name": "Kamerod Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kamerod-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Kamerod, northern margin of the Siahan Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone with unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt and clay (same facies as the Kech Formation).", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Chagai-Raskoh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Subrecent and Recent deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "karora-formation", "name": "Karora Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/karora-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Proterozoic (undifferentiated)", "introducedBy": "Fletcher (1986)", "typeLocality": "Karora, Indus valley", "coordinates": "34.8878, 72.7685", "lat": 34.8878, "lng": 72.7685, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Thick dark graphitic schist, marble, with subordinate non-schistose metapsammite and metaconglomerate; a basal conglomerate (the Amlo Conglomerate) rests on the Besham Group.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Besham Group", "underlies": "Gandaf Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "kashala-formation", "name": "Kashala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kashala-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic (Carnian)", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "DiPietro (1990)", "typeLocality": "Named from Kashala mountain ~13 km SSW of Saidu, Lower Swat; two type sections — road cuts on Dop Sar (high-grade) and stream cuts north of Baroch (low-grade).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 4000 m", "lithology": "Calcareous schist and schistose marble with massive white-to-grey marble, about 4000 m thick.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "Conodonts", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marghazar Formation", "underlies": "Saidu Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "katzarah-formation", "name": "Katzarah Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/katzarah-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "introducedBy": "Desio (1978)", "typeLocality": "between the Shigar and Indus rivers", "coordinates": "35.31, 75.62", "lat": 35.31, "lng": 75.62, "thickness": "about 1,500 m", "lithology": "Siltstones, schists, slates and phyllites with quartzitic sandstone intercalations (the Katzarah schists).", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "kech-formation", "name": "Kech Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kech-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Kech valley, near Gish Kaur", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone with an upper angular-unconformity surface.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Subrecent to Recent surficial deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "khadro-formation", "name": "Khadro Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khadro-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, Lakhi Range", "coordinates": "26.1183, 67.8867", "lat": 26.1183, "lng": 67.8867, "thickness": "In type section where at least two basaltic flows are present in the lower part, a thickness of 67 m is reported m", "lithology": "Basal limestone with oysters and reptile bones, overlain by olive to grey ferruginous fossiliferous sandstone and gypsiferous shale with fossiliferous limestone interbeds; includes basaltic lava flows.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "Oysters; Reptile bones; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "Bara Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "khalkal-formation", "name": "Khalkhal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khalkal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "? Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Khalkhal glacier, a tributary of the Godwin-Austen (Baltoro) glacier", "coordinates": "35.80, 76.45", "lat": 35.8, "lng": 76.45, "thickness": "about 800 m", "lithology": "About 800 m of slaty calcareous sandstone, phyllite and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "khanozai-group", "name": "Khanozai Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khanozai-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Fatmi et al. (1986)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "350 m", "lithology": "Dark-grey mudstone and shale with thin limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "khyber-limestone", "name": "Khyber Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khyber-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Carboniferous–Permian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968)", "typeLocality": "Ali Masjid village, Khyber Pass", "coordinates": "34.0800, 71.2900", "lat": 34.08, "lng": 71.29, "thickness": "30-36m", "lithology": "Thick-bedded limestone, marble and massive dolomite with minor shale; limonite-rich arenaceous beds occur in the middle part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "Brachiopods; Gastropods; Pelecypods; Ammonoids; Bryozoans; Fusulinids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ali Masjid Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "kingri-formation", "name": "Kingri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kingri-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2009a)", "typeLocality": "Kingri formation is the just northwest of Kingri town", "coordinates": "30.4667, 69.7833", "lat": 30.4667, "lng": 69.7833, "thickness": "700m", "lithology": "Continental to paralic sandstone and mudstone (molasse).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts Early Eocene coal; a source of silica sand and building sandstone.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Toi Formation", "underlies": "Drug Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kishar-formation", "name": "Kishar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kishar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Paleoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Paleoproterozoic or older (pre-2173 Ma)", "introducedBy": "DiPietro et al. (1999)", "typeLocality": "Amlo, Indus valley", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary basement of the Indian plate (schist, quartzite and calc-silicate gneiss).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "krinj-limestone", "name": "Krinj Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/krinj-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Desio (1959)", "typeLocality": "Krinj village, Lutkho valley, Chitral", "coordinates": "36.0000, 71.8011", "lat": 36, "lng": 71.8011, "thickness": "about 2.5 km", "lithology": "Massive platform-type limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Reshun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "kundalshahi-group", "name": "Kundalshahi Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kundalshahi-group", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Proterozoic (Neoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "Malik et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Naril, Neelam (Neelum) valley, Azad Kashmir", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Upper Neelam Valley", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Salkhala Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kundil-formation", "name": "Kundil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kundil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Kundil valley", "coordinates": "36.7100, 74.7700", "lat": 36.71, "lng": 74.77, "thickness": "cherty limestone about 100–120 m (Wirokhun Saddle / Borom gullies west of Sost), with a laterally thinning megabreccia body in the middle–upper part", "lithology": "Cherty limestone with marl and fine tuff: a lower thick-bedded cherty limestone unit, a middle grey cherty limestone unit, and an upper unit, with a metabreccia up to 100 m thick between the middle and upper units.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Lopingian: Clarkina, Iranognathus)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Panjshah Formation", "underlies": "Wirokhun Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lakhra-formation", "name": "Lakhra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lakhra-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Cheema et al. (1977)", "typeLocality": "Southern Lakhra anticline", "coordinates": "25.5458, 68.0042", "lat": 25.5458, "lng": 68.0042, "thickness": "50–242 m", "lithology": "Grey, thin- to thick-bedded nodular, sandy and locally argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with sandstone and shale interbeds in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "Foraminifera; Corals; Molluscs", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Bara Formation", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "landai-formation", "name": "Landai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/landai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "DiPietro et al. (1999)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tanawal Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "landikotal-formation", "name": "Landikotal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/landikotal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician–Silurian", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician–Silurian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968)", "typeLocality": "Landi Kotal, Khyber Pass", "coordinates": "34.0988, 71.1411", "lat": 34.0988, "lng": 71.1411, "thickness": "about 1,600 m", "lithology": "Phyllite and slate with subordinate limestone, dolomite and quartzite, intruded by basic dykes and sills.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Spin Rag Quartzite", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "langrial-limestone", "name": "Langrial Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/langrial-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Precambrian (Neoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Langrial, Hazara", "coordinates": "33.933, 73.117", "lat": 33.933, "lng": 73.117, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "lashkargaz-formation", "name": "Lashkargaz Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lashkargaz-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early–Middle Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Lashkargaz", "coordinates": "36.8300, 73.4800", "lat": 36.83, "lng": 73.48, "thickness": "up to 1000 m", "lithology": "Thick succession of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone; in ascending order siltstone with phosphatic nodules, oncoidal limestone, shale, dolomite with fusulinids, and grey cherty limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Gharil Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "litra-formation", "name": "Litra Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/litra-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Late Miocene", "age": "Miocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill and Kidwai (1973)", "typeLocality": "Litra Nala, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "31.0167, 70.4167", "lat": 31.0167, "lng": 70.4167, "thickness": "~430 m (Litra Nala)", "lithology": "Greenish-grey sandstone with subordinate conglomerate and mudstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Middle Siwalik mammals (incl. hipparionine horses)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Vihowa Formation", "underlies": "Chaudhwan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "lowara-mena-formation", "name": "Lowara Mena Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lowara-mena-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Devonian to Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, phyllite, quartzite and dolomitic limestone (inferred).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "lupghar-formation", "name": "Lupghar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lupghar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Lupghar valley", "coordinates": "36.72, 74.45", "lat": 36.72, "lng": 74.45, "thickness": "about 300–380 m", "lithology": "Lower member of interbedded shale, mudstone and sandstone with phosphatic nodules; upper member of thick-bedded bioclastic and oolitic limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Panjshah Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lupsuk-formation", "name": "Lupsuk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lupsuk-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Carboniferous", "age": "Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Lupsuk glacier, north of Karambar Pass", "coordinates": "36.92, 73.70", "lat": 36.92, "lng": 73.7, "thickness": "~250 m (Karambar sheet)", "lithology": "Quartzarenite, microconglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and limestone, with a cliff-forming carbonate upper part.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "lwarani-mela-limestone", "name": "Lwarani Mela Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/lwarani-mela-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Late Paleozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Paleozoic", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli et al. (1975)", "typeLocality": "Lwarai Mela, Malakand area", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~51 m", "lithology": "Limestone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "mahandri-formation", "name": "Mahandri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mahandri-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (tentative)", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1986)", "typeLocality": "Jared, Kaghan valley", "coordinates": "34.6800, 73.5700", "lat": 34.68, "lng": 73.57, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Kamalban quartz-mica schist, quartzite, calc-schist and marble.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "malandrai-member", "name": "Malandrai Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/malandrai-member", "rank": "member", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "DiPietro et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Duma, Malakand area", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Duma Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "manglour-formation", "name": "Manglour Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/manglour-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Proterozoic (undifferentiated)", "introducedBy": "Kazmi et al. (1984c)", "typeLocality": "Manglaur village, Swat", "coordinates": "34.8085, 72.4304", "lat": 34.8085, "lng": 72.4304, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Granoblastic, locally mylonitised quartz-mica-garnet schist (feldspathised and tourmalinised), in three main varieties — quartz-feldspar schist, quartz-mica-kyanite schist and quartz-mica-garnet schist — with thin graphitic and hornblende schist.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Marghazar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "margach-formation", "name": "Margach Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/margach-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous", "age": "Devonian–Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Margach cattle shelter, north side of the Ribat River along Zoe glacier", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 200 m", "lithology": "About 200 m of slate, siltstone, sandstone and limestone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Brachiopods (spiriferids, productoids); Conodonts; Receptaculites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shogram Formation", "underlies": "Ribat Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "marghazar-formation", "name": "Marghazar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marghazar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "", "age": "Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "DiPietro (1990)", "typeLocality": "Stream valley north and south of Marghazar village, Lower Swat.", "coordinates": "34.7000, 72.3600", "lat": 34.7, "lng": 72.36, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Garnetiferous schist, amphibolite, hornblende schist, psammitic schist and phlogopite marble.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Manglour Formation", "underlies": "Kashala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "marpo-sandstone", "name": "Marpo Sandstone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marpo-sandstone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990b)", "typeLocality": "Aghil Pass region and Shaksgam valley, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "36.15, 76.55", "lat": 36.15, "lng": 76.55, "thickness": "20–100 m", "lithology": "20–100 m of red sandstone and siltstone; the base has ostracod-bearing grey marl interbedded with red siltstone and overlain by polymict conglomerate, passing up into red shaly sandstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, marginal marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Tekri Formation", "underlies": "Bdongo-La Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "mekhband-formation", "name": "Mekhband Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mekhband-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "DiPietro and Isachsen (2001)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pinjkora Complex", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "mekhtar-formation", "name": "Mekhtar Formation (or Mekhtar Sandstone)", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mekhtar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 100m", "lithology": "Sandstone with subordinate shale (Mekhtar Sandstone).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sembar Formation", "underlies": "Goru Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "mina-formation", "name": "Mina Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mina-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2014)", "typeLocality": "Mina village, Shagala–Zhob road", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 2000m", "lithology": "Marine alternating green shale and fine-grained sandstone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, deep marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Panjgur Formation (in part)", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Murgha Faqirzai Formation", "underlies": "Shagala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "miranjani-limestone", "name": "Miranjani Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/miranjani-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Calkins et al. (1969)", "typeLocality": "Miranjani, Hazara (the Galis area)", "coordinates": "34.1050, 73.4033", "lat": 34.105, "lng": 73.4033, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone (locally dolomitic).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Salkhala Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "murgha-faqirzai-formation", "name": "Murgha Faqirzai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/murgha-faqirzai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene–Early Eocene", "age": "Paleocene–Eocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Murgha Faqirzai village, north of Muslimbagh", "coordinates": "31.0542, 67.7789", "lat": 31.0542, "lng": 67.7789, "thickness": "400-1200m", "lithology": "Shale with minor sandstone and shelly limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, deep marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Dictyoconoides cooki", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nisai Limestone", "underlies": "Mina Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "musakhel-group", "name": "Musakhel Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/musakhel-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early–Late Triassic", "age": "Permian–Triassic", "introducedBy": "Shah (2009)", "typeLocality": "Tredian hills in Mianwali district by Gee", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2m", "lithology": "Marine limestone and marl (Mianwali), fluvio-deltaic sandstone and shale (Tredian) and dolomitic limestone (Kingriali).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, deltaic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Ammonoids (Ceratites); Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "nakanai-ghar-formation", "name": "Nikanai Ghar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nakanai-ghar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "DiPietro (1990)", "typeLocality": "Stream valleys on the south side of Jafar Sar, south-central Lower Swat.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "at least ~1200 m", "lithology": "Marble (the Nikanai Ghar Marble).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Nikanai Ghar Formation; Nikanai Ghar Marble; Nakanai Ghar Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Saidu Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 8 }, { "id": "naran-formation", "name": "Naran Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/naran-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Early Paleozoic", "introducedBy": "Greco et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "Naran area, Upper Kaghan valley", "coordinates": "34.9042, 73.6586", "lat": 34.9042, "lng": 73.6586, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metapelitic to metagreywacke gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "naril-group", "name": "Naril Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/naril-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian (pre-Cambrian basement; tentatively correlated with the ~1850 Ma Iskere Gneiss)", "introducedBy": "Malik et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Upper Neelam Valley", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "nilawahan-group", "name": "Nilawahan Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/nilawahan-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian (Cisuralian)", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gee (in Pascoe 1959)", "typeLocality": "Tobra", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~350 m (Salt Range)", "lithology": "Gondwana glacial-to-fluvial clastics: Tobra tillite and diamictite, Dandot and Warchha sandstones, and Sardhai shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "glacial, fluvial, paralic", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Protohaploxypinus sp; Chonetes sp; Eurydesma; Conularia", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Warchha Sandstone is a dimension/building stone; the group carries Gondwana fire-clay and coal locally.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Building stone", "overlies": "Baghanwala Formation", "underlies": "Amb Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "owsi-nala-limestone", "name": "Owsi Nala Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/owsi-nala-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian", "epoch": "", "age": "Middle to Late Silurian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Owsi Nala, Khyber area", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~30 m", "lithology": "Limestone with shale intercalations.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Spin Rag Quartzite", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "panjal-formation", "name": "Panjal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Early Permian (~290 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Calkins et al. (1969)", "typeLocality": "Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (Nosehri, lower Neelum; Lamnian, upper Jhelum)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Moderately metamorphosed lava flows and tuffs ('greenstones'; the Panjal volcanics), together with black agglomeratic slate — Carboniferous shale, slate and phyllite with quartzose agglomeratic sandstone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic, marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Kaghan Nappe And Nosehri Area Of Lower Neelum And Lamnian Area Of Upper Jhelum, Azad Kashmir", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Panjal System; Panjal Traps; Panjal Volcanic Series; Agglomeratic Slate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "daradar-dolomite", "name": "Daradar Dolomite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/daradar-dolomite", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Silurian to Devonian (correlation)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range, NW Pakistan–SE Afghanistan border region.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Siliceous, white to greyish-white, hard dolomite (up to ~19 wt% MgO) with dolerite intrusions; talc/soapstone along fractures and intrusive contacts.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Hosts talc (soapstone) along fracture zones and mafic-intrusion contacts, and silver-rich lead-copper mineralisation in the western Spinghar (Neemtota).", "economicResources": "Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "spinghar-quartzite", "name": "Spinghar Quartzite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/spinghar-quartzite", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Silurian to Devonian (correlation)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Eastern Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range, NW Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "White to grey-white, bedded quartzite with basal grit and conglomerate; locally imbricated.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sikaram-series", "name": "Sikaram Series", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sikaram-series", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Siluro-Devonian to Triassic (uncertain; Triassic Lithodendroid fossils reported in eastern Spinghar by Griesbach 1892)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Summit of Sikaram Sar (4755 m), western Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range, NW Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Claystone and carbonaceous shale (lower) passing up into slate and graphitic schist; quartz-mica schist boudins with garnet porphyroblasts locally.", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "makai-limestone", "name": "Makai Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/makai-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous (tentative)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range, NW Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Greenish-grey to dark grey, thinly bedded, siliceous limestone with basal conglomerate and grit; strongly folded, locally sheared to calcareous schist/mylonite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Spinghar (Safed Koh) Range", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "wana-schist", "name": "Wana Schist", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wana-schist", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Palaeozoic (tentative)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Wana area, South Waziristan, NW Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Medium- to thin-bedded greenish-grey and dark schists and phyllites; intensely folded (box and chevron folds, kink bands, crenulation cleavage, intrafolial quartz veins); low greenschist facies.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Wana, South Waziristan", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "kaniguram-slate", "name": "Kaniguram Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kaniguram-slate", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Triassic (tentative; possibly equivalent to the Tani Formation)", "introducedBy": "Badshah et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Kaniguram–Makin area, South Waziristan, NW Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Greenish-grey and black, fine-grained, intensely fractured, splintery, thin- to thick-bedded slate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "NW Indian plate margin", "region": "Kaniguram–Makin area, South Waziristan", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Tani Formation (possible equivalent)", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "panjal-group", "name": "Panjal Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjal-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Early Permian (~290 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1986)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "A thick sequence comprising the Chushal and Panjal formations (agglomeratic slate and Panjal volcanic greenstones).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Kaghan Nappe And Nosehri Area Of Lower Neelum And Lamnian Area Of Upper Jhelum, Azad Kashmir", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "panjshah-formation", "name": "Panjshah Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjshah-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Wordian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Panjshah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 230–260 m", "lithology": "Lower part of interbedded dark shale, siltstone and cross-laminated feldspathic quartzarenite; upper part of fossiliferous dark grey limestone and marl interbedded with marly limestone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Stenoscisma armenica; Chapursania tatianae; Retimarginifera sp.; Elivina chapursani; Darbandia vagabunda; Anchorhynchia cimmerica", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lupghar Formation", "underlies": "Kundil Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "pir-sabak-formation", "name": "Pir Sabak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pir-sabak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Shah (1977)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone and dolomite.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "Corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "purit-formation", "name": "Purit Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/purit-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Drosh Gol, SE of Kawash", "coordinates": "35.5500, 71.8500", "lat": 35.55, "lng": 71.85, "thickness": "about 1,000 m", "lithology": "Dominantly red shales with subordinate sandstone and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, marginal marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gawuch Formation", "underlies": "Drosh Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "rajawal-formation", "name": "Rajawal Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/rajawal-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Proterozoic (Neoproterozoic)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Batal and Rajwal quartzites, Paludaran graphitic schist, quartz-mica schist, gneiss, pegmatite, aplite and granite gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "rakhi-gaj-formation", "name": "Rakhi Gaj Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/rakhi-gaj-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2010a)", "typeLocality": "Rakhi Nala, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "29.9539, 70.1917", "lat": 29.9539, "lng": 70.1917, "thickness": "about 100m", "lithology": "70° 04' 40'' E) where it consists of thick and resistant beds of sandstone with minor shale.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Globogerina pseudobulloides; Howecythereis multispinosa; Paracypris rectoventra", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Glauconitic and hematitic sandstone (Gorge beds) with anomalous iron (14-21%) and probable potash; prospective for uranium; thin aragonite in associated shale.", "economicResources": "Salt & evaporites; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Sangiali Formation", "underlies": "Dungan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "rakhshani-formation", "name": "Rakhshani Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/rakhshani-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene", "age": "Paleocene (Danian-Thanetian; ~65.2-56.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Rakhshani area, eastern Dalbandin valley (Chagai-Raskoh)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "150-2400 m", "lithology": "Shale and sandstone with grey-black clayey limestone beds (lower); conglomerate, basaltic-andesitic lava flows, tuffs and volcanic agglomerates.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine, volcanic-arc", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Chagai-Raskoh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Alveolina vredenburgi; Flosculina globosa; Miscellanea miscella; Saudia labyrinthica", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Humai Formation", "underlies": "Saindak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "rawat-formation", "name": "Rawat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/rawat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Le Fort & Gaetani (1998)", "typeLocality": "Rawat village, upper Yasin/Darkot region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, limestone, siltstone and quartzite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Permian invertebrates", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "ribat-formation", "name": "Ribat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ribat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Early Carboniferous", "age": "Early Carboniferous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Ribat River, upper Karambar region", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": ">300 m in the Karambar Unit (Ribat Valley type section), reduced to <100 m in the Baroghil-Lashkargaz Unit (upper part eroded/non-deposited before the Gircha Fm.)", "lithology": "Fossiliferous limestone and marl.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Gnathodus, Siphonodella lobata); Brachiopods (spiriferids, productoids); Crinoids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Margach Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "saidu-formation", "name": "Saidu Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/saidu-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic–Jurassic", "epoch": "", "age": "Triassic–Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Kazmi et al. (1986)", "typeLocality": "Nikanai Ghar range, southern Swat", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~1000 m", "lithology": "Calcareous and pelitic schist (the Saidu Schist).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kashala Formation", "underlies": "Nikanai Ghar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "sakhi-sarwar-formation", "name": "Sakhi Sarwar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sakhi-sarwar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Holocene", "age": "Holocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2012h)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Mud and sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Dada Formation", "underlies": "subrecent deposits", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "sakhi-sarwar-group", "name": "Sakhi Sarwar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sakhi-sarwar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene–Holocene", "age": "Pleistocene–Holocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2012)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2000m", "lithology": "Conglomerate, mud and sandstone (molasse).", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Boston Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "savoia-formation", "name": "Savoia Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/savoia-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene (uncertain; unfossiliferous)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "Savoia glacier, a tributary of the Godwin-Austen (Baltoro) glacier", "coordinates": "35.846335, 76.465002", "lat": 35.846335, "lng": 76.465002, "thickness": "about 1000 m", "lithology": "About 1000 m of schist, marl and conglomerate.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "sewakht-formation", "name": "Sewakht Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sewakht-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Late Devonian", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "Leake et al. (1989)", "typeLocality": "Owir An and named by Shah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Green schist, micritic limestone, chert, dolomite, carbonate phyllite, sandstone and breccia.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Owir Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shagai-formation", "name": "Shagai Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shagai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "Silurian(?)–Early Devonian", "age": "Silurian(?)–Early Devonian", "introducedBy": "Stauffer (1968)", "typeLocality": "1 km northeast of Shagai, Khyber Pass", "coordinates": "34.0172, 71.2800", "lat": 34.0172, "lng": 71.28, "thickness": "up to ~33 m", "lithology": "Grey to black, partly brown limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, locally dolomitic and highly fractured, with thinly laminated limestone and sheared shale at the top.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nowshera Formation", "underlies": "Ali Masjid Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "shagala-formation", "name": "Shagala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shagala-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Shagala militia post, southwest of Zhob", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "3000m", "lithology": "Sandstone and shale with local conglomerate and limestone; sandstone fine to coarse, gritty, grey-green to brown.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "marine, molasse", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Pakitherium shagalai", "synonyms": "Shaigalu Formation; Shagalu Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mina Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "shagala-group", "name": "Shagala Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shagala-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Late Paleocene–Eocene", "age": "Paleocene–Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2014)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Flysch shale and sandstone with subordinate limestone (Murgha Faqirzai shale and Mina/Panjgur sandstone).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "deep marine, marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "shaheed-ghat-formation", "name": "Shaheed Ghat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shaheed-ghat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Shah (1987)", "typeLocality": "Shaheed Ghat, 5 km southwest of Zinda Pir", "coordinates": "30.4, 70.4667", "lat": 30.4, "lng": 70.4667, "thickness": "340–680 m", "lithology": "Grey to olive-green laminated shale with marl, locally with nummulite-, gastropod- and bivalve-bearing layers.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Nummulites; Gastropods; Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Thin aragonite beds (Rakhni, Sham, Kulchas, Phailawagh and other Dera Bugti areas).", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Dungan Formation", "underlies": "Drug Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "shahkot-formation", "name": "Shahkot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shahkot-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1970)", "typeLocality": "Gandghar and Attock-Cherat Ranges", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "Limestone, argillite and shale, with a basal cherty limestone and thin discontinuous algal limestone in the upper part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Manki Formation", "underlies": "Uch Khattak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "shaksgam-formation", "name": "Shaksgam Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shaksgam-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Auden (1938)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam valley, north of K2, between the Karakoram and Aghil ranges", "coordinates": "36.027717, 76.469298", "lat": 36.027717, "lng": 76.469298, "thickness": "600–1000 m", "lithology": "Thick-bedded fossiliferous limestone with marl, siltstone and sandstone; cherty nodules occur near the top.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Parafusulina sp.; Paraschwagerina sp.; Neoschwagerina sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Staghar Cherty Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "chak-102-conglomerate", "name": "Chak 102 Conglomerate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chak-102-conglomerate", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Neoproterozoic", "introducedBy": "Alam et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "Sharban hill, about 18 km SE of Sargodha", "coordinates": "31.9369, 72.7781", "lat": 31.9369, "lng": 72.7781, "thickness": "190 m", "lithology": "Conglomerate, dull rusty brown, with slate intercalations; pebbles of quartzite, slate and limestone in a calcareous matrix.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marginal marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Sharaban Conglomerate; Sharaban Formation; Sharban Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Hadda Quartzite", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "sharban-group", "name": "Sharaban Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sharban-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Neoproterozoic", "introducedBy": "Alam et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "Kirana Hills, Punjab platform (Sargodha High region), central Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Quartzites, slates, conglomerates and lava flows (includes the Hadda quartzite and the Sharban Formation).", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marginal marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Sharban Group", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "sharda-group", "name": "Sharda Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sharda-group", "rank": "group", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Middle Proterozoic to Archaean", "introducedBy": "Ghazanfar and Chaudhry (1986)", "typeLocality": "Upper Kaghan valley, north of the Batal Fault", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "High-grade garnetiferous calc-pelitic gneiss, pelitic gneiss (with kyanite and sillimanite), graphitic gneiss and marble, with sheet granites and amphibolite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara Sub-Basin", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "shekhai-formation", "name": "Shekhai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shekhai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1970)", "typeLocality": "Gandghar Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "at least 300 m", "lithology": "Limestone and marble (locally oolitic, grey to light-brown and pink) with subordinate quartzite and shale; brecciated white marble is locally associated with igneous dykes.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A source of cement rock — the Precambrian Shekhai Limestone is quarried, for example, at the Cherat lime plant about 30 km southeast of Peshawar.", "economicResources": "Cement & lime", "overlies": "Uch Khattak Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "shigar-group", "name": "Shigar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shigar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "introducedBy": "Desio (1978)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "35.427046, 75.730494", "lat": 35.427046, "lng": 75.730494, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Siltstones, schists, slates and phyllites with quartzitic sandstone intercalations (Katzarah schists).", "lithologyType": "siltstone", "environment": "marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "shittinbar-formation", "name": "Shittinbar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shittinbar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Le Fort and Pechner (2001)", "typeLocality": "Le Fort and Pechner", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Terrigenous alternation of sandstone and pelite.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Southern Metamorphic Belt", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "singhie-shales", "name": "Singhie Shales", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/singhie-shales", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early Permian", "age": "Early Permian (Cisuralian)", "introducedBy": "Desio (1963)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "several hundred metres", "lithology": "Black, splintery shales and occasional siltstones; several hundred metres thick, passing upward into the Permian sandstone sequence.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Baltoro formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "skardu-group", "name": "Skardu Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/skardu-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous–Paleogene", "epoch": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "age": "Cretaceous–Eocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani & Mahmood (2016)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary schists, slates, phyllites, quartzite and limestone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bunthang-sequence", "name": "Bunthang Sequence", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bunthang-sequence", "rank": "sequence", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene–Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene–Pleistocene", "age": "~3.2–0.73 Ma (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene)", "introducedBy": "Cronin (1982)", "typeLocality": "Skardu Basin along the Indus River near Skardu, Baltistan; largest outcrop at Bunthang.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~1.3 km", "lithology": "Upper Cenozoic fluvio-lacustrine intermontane-basin fill.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "lacustrine, fluvial", "basin": "Skardu intermontane basin", "region": "Skardu, Baltistan (Karakoram Himalaya)", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sobrah-formation", "name": "Sobrah Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sobrah-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Near Tarbela Dam, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Thin limestone unit overlying the Manki Formation near Tarbela Dam.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Manki Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "sohnari-formation", "name": "Sohnari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sohnari-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Late Paleocene (to earliest Eocene)", "introducedBy": "Outerbridge et al (1989)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~30 m", "lithology": "Lateritic clay and mud with subordinate sandstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "continental, paralic", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Eastern Kirthar (Sindh)", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lakhra Formation", "underlies": "Laki Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "spingwar-formation", "name": "Spingwar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/spingwar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Triassic–Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Spingwar, 35 km northwest of Loralai", "coordinates": "30.5478, 68.3211", "lat": 30.5478, "lng": 68.3211, "thickness": "600–1,800 m", "lithology": "Interbedded grey to black crystalline limestone, oolitic and shelly in places, with calcareous shale and sandstone interbeds in the lower part.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Ammonites, brachiopods, bivalves, crinoids, corals", "synonyms": "Spingwar Member (basal Shirinab Formation, with the Loralai and Anjira members; Williams 1959)", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wulgai Formation", "underlies": "Anjira Formation/Loralai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "spinkai-formation", "name": "Spinkai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/spinkai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli et al. (1975)", "typeLocality": "Spinkai, Malakand area", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~90 m", "lithology": "Limestone and shale.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "staghar-cherty-limestone", "name": "Staghar Cherty Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/staghar-cherty-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Late Permian", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam region north of K2, eastern Karakoram — the cherty limestone at the top of the Shaksgam Formation (originally described by Desio 1980).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Cherty limestone.", "lithologyType": "chert", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Conodonts (Late Permian: Gondolella); Radiolaria; Sponge spicules", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shaksgam Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "sulaiman-group", "name": "Sulaiman Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sulaiman-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early–Late Jurassic (to earliest Cretaceous)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Pinfold (1939)", "typeLocality": "Alozai is located in Western Indus Suture", "coordinates": "31.4333, 70.0167", "lat": 31.4333, "lng": 70.0167, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Crystalline and oolitic shelf limestone (Shirinab members and Chiltan) with an overlying ironstone (Dilband).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Chiltan Limestone is a gas reservoir; the Dilband Formation hosts Pakistan's largest iron-ore deposit.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "surghar-group", "name": "Surghar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/surghar-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early–Middle Jurassic", "age": "Early–Middle Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Shah (1980)", "typeLocality": "Data Nala in Surghar range by Danilchik", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Terrestrial sandstone, shale, fire-clay and glass sand (Datta), marl-shale-limestone (Shinawari) and the massive Samana Suk Limestone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "continental, shallow marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Ammonites (Bouleiceras); Brachiopods; Bivalves", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Datta Formation is Pakistan's main source of refractory fire-clay and glass/silica sand; the Samana Suk Limestone is a building stone.", "economicResources": "Building stone; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "surgun-group", "name": "Surgun Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/surgun-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous–Mesozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic (cover sequence)", "introducedBy": "Malik et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Surgan, Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis area", "coordinates": "34.77, 74.19", "lat": 34.77, "lng": 74.19, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Kaghan Nappe And Nosehri Area Of Lower Neelum And Lamnian Area Of Upper Jhelum, Azad Kashmir", "provinces": "Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "taguwali-formation", "name": "Taguwali Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/taguwali-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Neoproterozoic", "epoch": "", "age": "Neoproterozoic", "introducedBy": "Alam et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "Taguwali village (Kirana Hills)", "coordinates": "31.9333, 72.7000", "lat": 31.9333, "lng": 72.7, "thickness": "1210 m", "lithology": "Cross-bedded quartzites, phyllites and slates in the lower part; slates in the middle; phyllites and slates in the upper part. Overlain by the Asianwala quartzite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine, metamorphic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chak 112 Conglomerates", "underlies": "Asianwala Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "talar-formation", "name": "Talar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/talar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Late Miocene", "age": "Late Miocene (Messinian; ~6.7-5.3 Ma)", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Makran Flysch Province, Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "25.9842, 62.5113", "lat": 25.9842, "lng": 62.5113, "thickness": "not less than 5000 m", "lithology": "Clayey sandstone; sandstone, shale and mudstone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, shelf", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Hinglaj Group (in part)", "economic": "A potential shallow RESERVOIR unit of the Makran, with stacked sandstones above the deeper turbidite reservoirs.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "Parkini Formation", "underlies": "Chatti Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "tekri-formation", "name": "Tekri Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tekri-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990b)", "typeLocality": "Shaksgam region, eastern Karakoram", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 300 m", "lithology": "Grey mudstone/wackestone with rare dark chert, oncolitic limestone and bioclastic packstone.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Sponges; Gastropods; Ostreids; Foraminifera", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Marpo Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "thalle-limestone", "name": "Thalle Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/thalle-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "", "age": "Ordovician", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Thalle valley, northeast of Khapalu, Skardu district", "coordinates": "35.319442, 76.168635", "lat": 35.319442, "lng": 76.168635, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Crystalline limestone (marble).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "thelichi-formation", "name": "Thelichi Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/thelichi-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Middle–Late Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1982)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "a volcanic basal part overlain by >1 km of turbidites, with a thick marble unit in the middle", "lithology": "Slates, marbles, metavolcanics and laminated sandstone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "correlated with the Yasin Group", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gashu-confluence volcanics", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "tilgram-formation", "name": "Tilgram Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tilgram-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Girarai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "toi-formation", "name": "Toi Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/toi-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Shah (1987)", "typeLocality": "Toi Nala, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "31.4833, 70.1167", "lat": 31.4833, "lng": 70.1167, "thickness": "up to ~1,196 m (Moghal Kot)", "lithology": "Interbedded coarse, pebbly, cross-bedded sandstone and brown mudstone, siltstone, shale and conglomerate, with locally developed coal seams.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, deltaic", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Freshwater bivalves; Gastropods; Plant remains", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Contains locally developed coal seams.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Drug Formation", "underlies": "Baska Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "tursak-formation", "name": "Tursak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tursak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Silurian–Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Silurian–Devonian", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Girarai Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "twin-valley-member", "name": "Twin Valley Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/twin-valley-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Late Carboniferous", "age": "Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2004)", "typeLocality": "Twin valleys at the head of the Karambar River", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "30 to 100 m (sharp lateral thickness variation)", "lithology": "Cliff-forming carbonate with sharp lateral facies variations.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "uch-khattak-formation", "name": "Uch Khattak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/uch-khattak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1970)", "typeLocality": "Attock-Cherat and Gandghar Ranges", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "200–250 m", "lithology": "Limestone, argillite and shale; a lower stromatolite-bearing limestone is overlain by laminated argillite and shale, with an intraformational conglomerate carrying clasts of the Manki and Shahkot formations.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shahkot Formation", "underlies": "Shekhai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "vidiakot-formation", "name": "Vidiakot Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vidiakot-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early Ordovician", "age": "Ordovician", "introducedBy": "Quintavalle et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Type section along the Vidiakot ridge (Baroghil side), Axial Unit; named after the Vidiakot ridge, crops out between the Paur Gol and Chilmarabad.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "400–500 m", "lithology": "Fine-grained slate and siltstone with fine sandstone intercalations.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine, outer shelf", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Yarkhun Formation", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "vihowa-formation", "name": "Vihowa Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vihowa-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "late Early–Middle Miocene", "age": "Miocene", "introducedBy": "Hemphill and Kidwai (1973)", "typeLocality": "Vihowa Road, Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "31.0667, 70.2667", "lat": 31.0667, "lng": 70.2667, "thickness": "~700 m (type section, Vihowa Road)", "lithology": "Grey and brown sandstone with subordinate red to brownish-red sandy siltstone; mudstone-rich in the lower part.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Lower Siwalik mammals (e.g. Eotragus)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Oligocene-Miocene coal showings; part of the uranium- and silica-sand-bearing Vihowa Group.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "Chitarwatta Formation", "underlies": "Litra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "vihowa-group", "name": "Vihowa Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vihowa-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene–Neogene", "epoch": "Oligocene–Pliocene", "age": "Oligocene–Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Malkani (2014)", "typeLocality": "Vihowa Rud-type section", "coordinates": "31.0667, 70.2667", "lat": 31.0667, "lng": 70.2667, "thickness": "430-700 m thick. m", "lithology": "Fluvial sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate (molasse).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Kakar-Khurasan Basin", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Talar Group; Hinglaj Group (in part)", "economic": "Clay deposits; primary and secondary uranium mineralization; silica sand (Zinda Pir, Dera Bugti); ochre / iron; building sandstone and construction aggregate.", "economicResources": "Building stone; Metals & minerals", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Litra Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "wakai-limestone", "name": "Wakai Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wakai-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene–Early Eocene", "age": "Paleocene", "introducedBy": "HSC (1961)", "typeLocality": "Koh-i-Wakai, Tagrana Kaur valley", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone, marl and shale (reefal in part).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, reef", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Identified as a potential petroleum source/reservoir carbonate in the Makran if it has significant subsurface extent.", "economicResources": "Source rock; Reservoir", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Siahan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "warran-ghundai-formation", "name": "Warran Ghundai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/warran-ghundai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "under-review", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Devonian (?late Famennian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Slate, phyllite, quartzite and dolomitic limestone.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "wirokhun-formation", "name": "Wirokhun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wirokhun-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Latest Permian–Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1995)", "typeLocality": "Wirokhun gorge", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "≤50–60 m (fault-disrupted; reference-section calcareous-marl interval 25.2 m at Wirokhun Saddle, base 4,414 m)", "lithology": "Dark shale and marl interbedded with grey mudstone, thin-bedded cherty limestone, tuff and black shale.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Neospathodus dieneri; Hindeodus parvus; Isarcicella isarcica; Gondolella carinata", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kundil Formation", "underlies": "Borom Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "wulgai-formation", "name": "Wulgai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wulgai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Williams (1959)", "typeLocality": "Tarkai-Gwal section, Axial Belt", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "180 m", "lithology": "Indurated dark-grey mudstone and shale with intercalations of thin limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Kirthar Basin", "region": "Western Kirthar (Balochistan)", "provinces": "Kirthar Range", "fossils": "Daonella", "synonyms": "Alozai Group / Shirinab Formation / Winder Group (earlier mappings, HSC 1960); Wulagai", "economic": "Part of the frontier Triassic–Jurassic carbonate petroleum play of the Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt; dolomitization of the Wulgai Formation carbonates has locally produced secondary porosity.", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "Gwal Formation", "underlies": "Spingwar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "yarkhun-formation", "name": "Yarkhun Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/yarkhun-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Ordovician", "epoch": "Early Ordovician", "age": "Ordovician (Early Ordovician)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Type section on the SE side of the Vidiakot ridge (Quintavalle et al., 2000), between the Yarkhun River and the Vidiakot gully, Axial Unit; rests with basal non-conformity on the Karakoram crystalline basement (Ishkarwaz-type granodiorite).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 170 m", "lithology": "About 170 m of arkosic sandstone interbedded with siltstone and black slate.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "shallow marine, siliciclastic shelf", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts (Baltoniodus cf. medius); Acritarchs; Trace fossils (Cruziana, Planolites)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ishkarwaz Granite", "underlies": "Vidiakot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "yashkuk-formation", "name": "Yashkuk Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/yashkuk-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Middle–Late Liassic)", "age": "Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Yashkuk, confluence of the Chapursan River and Yashkuk Yaz glacier, upper Hunza", "coordinates": "36.816267, 74.366690", "lat": 36.816267, "lng": 74.36669, "thickness": "about 150 m (basal ~2 m polymictic conglomerate overlain by shale, siltstone and molassic red sandstone)", "lithology": "A lower unit of fine-grained, reddish, cross-laminated and ripple-marked sandstone with mud cracks and raindrop prints, overlain by pelite, marly limestone, oolitic calcarenite and oncoidal/cherty limestone.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, shallow marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "Benthic foraminifera; Calcareous algae; Nannofossils; Ostracods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ashtigar Formation", "underlies": "Reshit Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "yasin-group", "name": "Yasin Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/yasin-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Aptian–Albian", "age": "Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Ivanac et al. (1956)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Lavas, tuffs and agglomerates with lenses and beds of fossiliferous massive and shaly limestone.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, shallow marine", "basin": "Kohistan-Ladakh Magmatic Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "Orbitolina; Rudists (Hippurites)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "zait-limestone", "name": "Zait Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zait-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Talent et al. (1979)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "more than 600 m", "lithology": "Massive black dolomitic limestone with a 6 m pisolitic ironstone bed.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts; Isarcicella isarcica; Isarcicella staeschei; Hindeodus parvus", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "zaluch-group", "name": "Zaluch Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zaluch-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Early–Late Permian (Cisuralian–Lopingian)", "age": "Permian", "introducedBy": "Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "Amb", "coordinates": "32.5084, 71.9365", "lat": 32.5084, "lng": 71.9365, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Marine limestone, dolomite, sandstone and shale — the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations (formerly the lower, middle and upper Productus Limestone).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Brachiopods (productids); Fusulinids; Bryozoa", "synonyms": "", "economic": "The Productus limestones are used for cement and building stone.", "economicResources": "Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "zurati-formation", "name": "Zurati Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zurati-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Eocene", "introducedBy": "Hafeez et al. (1992)", "typeLocality": "Zurati Koh / Tank-e-Zurati", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Shale and sandstone (flysch).", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "deep marine", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "Makran-Siahan Basin, Wazhdad Arc And Mashkel/Kharan Basin", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Siahan Formation", "underlies": "Hoshab Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "khojak-formation", "name": "Khojak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khojak-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Late Eocene to Early Miocene (mainly Oligocene)", "age": "Late Eocene to Early Miocene, mainly Oligocene (Priabonian-Chattian; ~35.8-23.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1909)", "typeLocality": "Nauroz, 30 km NE of Kharan (Kalat)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "900-1500 m (around the type locality); members up to several thousand m", "lithology": "Shale, sandstone and siltstone of mainly turbiditic and deltaic origin (Katawaz remnant ocean); locally carbonaceous with lignite lenses.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "deltaic, submarine fan, deep marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh; Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Lepidocyclina dilatata; Nummulites fichteli; Nummulites intermedius; Nummulites vascus; Nummulites atacicus; Assilina granulosa; Dictyoconoides cooki", "synonyms": "Khojak Shale", "economic": "Locally carbonaceous, with lenses of lignite.", "economicResources": "Coal & lignite", "overlies": "Kharan Formation", "underlies": "Hinglaj Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 9 }, { "id": "hinglaj-formation", "name": "Hinglaj Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hinglaj-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Late Oligocene to Pliocene", "age": "Late Oligocene to Pliocene (Aquitanian-Piacenzian; ~23.0-2.58 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Vredenburg (1906)", "typeLocality": "Hinglaj hills, Makran Flysch Province", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "3030-4545 m (4000 m at Hinglaj hills; 4545 m at Talar, 3030 m at Jiwani)", "lithology": "Dominantly sandstone with shale, subordinate shelly limestone and minor conglomerate; grey to brown, fine- to coarse-grained, gritty to pebbly, usually calcareous.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast; Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Assilina mamilla; Fasciolites borealis; Discocyclina undulata; Lepidocyclina blanfordi; Lepidocyclina dilatata; Nummulites atacicus; Nummulites fichteli; Nummulites intermedius; Spiroclypeus sp.", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Khojak Formation", "underlies": "Chatti Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "kharan-formation", "name": "Kharan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kharan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early to Middle Eocene", "age": "Early to Middle Eocene (Ypresian-Lutetian; ~56-41.0 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Near Jalwar, Kharan district (Chagai-Raskoh)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "90-600 m", "lithology": "Reefoid, clay-rich limestone (medium to dark grey, fetid on fresh surface) with thin calcareous shale and calcareous sandstone intercalations.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Chagai Hills", "fossils": "Assilina granulosa; Assilina exponens; Assilina elliptica; Fasciolites oblonga; Discocyclina ranikotensis; Flosculina globosa; Lituonella douvillei; Opertorbitolites douvillei", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Rakhshani Formation", "underlies": "Khojak Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "bugti-formation", "name": "Bugti Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bugti-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene-Neogene", "epoch": "Oligocene to Miocene", "age": "Oligocene to Miocene (Rupelian-Aquitanian; ~33.9-20.45 Ma)", "introducedBy": "(formalized from 'Bugti Beds'; = upper 'Upper Nari' Pilgrim 1908, 'Bugti Bone deposits' Cooper 1924)", "typeLocality": "North of Gandoi Post", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "Attains a maximum thickness of 300 m on the flanks of Zin anticline and gradually wedges out in all directions. m", "lithology": "Coarse-grained sandstone. It is composed of bright and varicolored sandstones with common interbeds of ferruginous conglomerates and yellow and red sandy silts. Some of the sandstones are pure white and soft with no apparent bedding; such beds increase in number upwards. Conglomerates occur in lower section where lenticular beds of tuff and ash are also present.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Very rich vertebrate fauna ('Bugti Beds')", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Drazinda Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "gwadar-formation", "name": "Gwadar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gwadar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Middle Pleistocene", "age": "Early Pleistocene probably (Gelasian-Calabrian; ~2.03-1.39 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Gwandar hammerhead section within Makran Flysch Province (MFP) of the Balochistan Basin", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "60–900 m", "lithology": "Sandy claystone. Combined Gwadar and overlying/coeval Ormara Fm are predominantly sandy clay, 60-900 m thick", "lithologyType": "claystone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Makran Coast", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chatti Formation", "underlies": "Ormara Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "haro-conglomerate", "name": "Haro Conglomerate Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/haro-conglomerate", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene (Gelasian–Calabrian; ~2.58–0.77 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Gesh Kaur near Kharan-type section", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "600-1,500 m thick. m", "lithology": "Conglomerate and coarse-grained sandstone.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh; Chagai Hills", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Bostan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "isha-formation", "name": "Isha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/isha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle to Late Jurassic", "age": "Middle to Late Jurassic (Bathonian-Kimmeridgian; ~168.17-149.24 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Isha Check Post, North Waziristan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "100 m at the type locality. m", "lithology": "The formation typically consists of thick bedded to massive limestone with minor shale intercalations. Limestone. At the type locality, the limestone is mostly dark grey to blue in color, and weathers to light grey and to brownish colors. At places, the limestone is thin to thick bedded, hard and contains some secondary calcite veins, chert nodules, ooides, pisolite and pellets. Its texture varie…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sarobi Formation", "underlies": "Chashmai Kharsai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "kharari-formation", "name": "Kharari Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kharari-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic-Jurassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic (?) to Early Jurassic", "age": "Late Triassic (?) to Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian; ~201.36-196.18 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Fatmi et al. (1990), from Kharrari Nai (Mor Range), Windar area (previously in Hunting's 'Windar group'/'Zidi formation')", "typeLocality": "Kharari Nai, Mor Range (35K/16", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "248-824 m", "lithology": "Sandy limestone. Anwar et al. (1991) described the lithology to consist of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, siltstone and shale in the type locality. The sandstone is grey, light grey, purplish brown, weathering brownish grey, thin to medium bedded, fine to medium grained, well sorted, quartzose, micaceous, gritty, cross bedded, fragmentary and friable. The limestone is grey to brownish grey, weat…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "khaskheli-basalt", "name": "Khaskheli Basalt Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khaskheli-basalt", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Cretaceous-Paleogene", "epoch": "Maastrichtian to Danian", "age": "Maastrichtian to Danian (Maastrichtian-Danian; ~67.88-64.73 Ma)", "introducedBy": "N.K. Siddiqui, Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. (written communication, 1987) — split from the Khadro Formation", "typeLocality": "Bara Nai, northern Laki Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "27-177 m", "lithology": "Basalt. These lava flows occur at the base of Khadro Formation and were originally included in the same formation. In the outcrops in Laki Range they have a small vertical extent, and are interbedded with mudstone and claystone. However, the wells drilled to the east of the Kirthar fold belt and those drilled in the Badin area encountered much larger thickness of basalts with lesser sedimentary i…", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Khadro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "kohat-formation", "name": "Kohat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kohat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle Eocene", "age": "Middle Eocene (Lutetian-Bartonian; ~46.66-38.54 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kohat-Khushalgarh Highway section", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "37-170 m in western Ko-MP, and only as thin slivers in Kalachitta area m", "lithology": "Limestone and Claystone. It consists of interbedded nummulitic limestone and shale, and is subdivided into two members:Kaladhand Member: It is composed predominantly of limestone, which is light grey, hard, compact and thin bedded with shale intercalations, particularly in the lower part. It contains abundant diagnostic Early Eocene forams, such as Orbitolites complanatus, Alveolina oblonga, Lind…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Assilina exponens", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kuldana Formation", "underlies": "Murree Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "malikhore-formation", "name": "Malikhore Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/malikhore-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic", "age": "Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian; ~196.18-184.2 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Malikhore village (35 I/9, 27 km WNW of Khuzdar", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "136-387 m", "lithology": "Oolitic limestone. Anwar et al. (1991) described the lithology in the type section to be mainly composed of thick-bedded limestone with subordinate calcareous shale/marl as thin partings. The limestone is grey to greyish brown, weathering to brown, thick bedded to massive, biomicritic and hard, peletic, oolitic, coquinoidal and shelly with frequent bioturbated mottled beds. The shale is black, fi…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kharari Formation", "underlies": "Anjira Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "margala-hill-limestone", "name": "Margala Hill Limestone", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/margala-hill-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Eocene", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "introducedBy": "Latif (1970); formalised in Shah (1977), Stratigraphy of Pakistan (GSP Memoir 12)", "typeLocality": "Margalla Hills near Islamabad; described from southeastern Hazara and the Kala Chitta Range", "coordinates": "33.73, 73.05", "lat": 33.73, "lng": 73.05, "thickness": "~73 m (Battlian, Muzaffarabad) to ~136 m (Kohala-Bala, Haripur); locally thinner", "lithology": "Grey to dark grey (weathering pale grey), nodular, medium- to thick-bedded and massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "Shallow marine carbonate ramp, Homoclinal ramp (proximal outer to inner ramp), Mid-ramp to lagoonal", "basin": "Kohat-Potwar Basin", "region": "Hazara and Kala Chitta ranges; Margalla Hills (Islamabad); Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis", "provinces": "Hazara Basin; Potwar Basin; Kohat Basin; Azad Kashmir", "fossils": "Nummulites mamillatus; Nummulites atacicus; Assilina spinosa; Assilina laminosa; Assilina granulosa; Assilina exponens; Lockhartia tipperi; Lockhartia conditi; Alveolina; Operculina; Miliolids; Gastropods; Echinoids", "synonyms": "Margalla Hill Limestone (alternative spelling); Sakesar Limestone (lateral facies equivalent; treated as a synonym in GSP Memoir Vol. 24)", "economic": "Fractured carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir and outcrop analogue in the Kala Chitta-Margalla-Hazara petroleum province; also one of the principal cement-rock (limestone) sources of the Potwar Plateau area, quarried in large quantity where close to markets or rail lines (Drewes and others, 2007); used locally as building and aggregate stone.", "economicResources": "Reservoir; Cement & lime; Building stone", "overlies": "Patala Formation", "underlies": "Chorgali Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 8 }, { "id": "marsikhel-formation", "name": "Marsikhel Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marsikhel-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early to Middle Cretaceous", "age": "Early to Middle Cretaceous (Barremian-Albian; ~126.5-106.85 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Marsi Khel village", "coordinates": "33.0417, 70.1750", "lat": 33.0417, "lng": 70.175, "thickness": "250 m thick at the type locality. m", "lithology": "Clayey limestone. It consists of light grey to dark grey, thin to medium-bedded limestone and greenish grey shale. In the lower portion, the limestone is micritic and arenaceous at places, and within the limestone alternate layers of light green shale are present, which are rich in belemnites. Ferruginous and calcareous sandstone is also present near the base.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Belemnites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chashmai Kharsai Formation", "underlies": "Zerghar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "moro-formation", "name": "Moro Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/moro-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) (Maastrichtian; ~70.02-67.88 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Moro River section in Kirthar Range, between Johan and Bibi Nani", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~110–140 m", "lithology": "Pelagic marl. It consists of grey, medium to thick bedded, grey to dark grey marl, dark grey to grey green calcareous shale and minor sandstone and volcanic conglomerate of mottled appearance (only in the lower part). Limestone is the dominant lithology in the Sulaiman Province where it contains chert lenses, while marl is dominant in Sanjawi area (Sulaiman Province) and the Axial Belt. In the Ki…", "lithologyType": "marl", "environment": "shallow marine, open shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sindh Province; Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Orbitoides; Orbitella; bivalves; brachiopods; gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Parh Limestone", "underlies": "Khadro Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "sarobi-formation", "name": "Sarobi Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sarobi-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early to Middle Jurassic", "age": "Early to Middle Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Bajocian; ~192.9-168.17 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "North of Sarobi village, along Isha-Razmak road", "coordinates": "32.9056, 70.1097", "lat": 32.9056, "lng": 70.1097, "thickness": "400+ m", "lithology": "Clayey limestone. The formation comprises a sequence of alternating limestone and shale. At the type locality, its lower part is predominantly limestone, while the upper part is shale. The limestone is thin bedded, occasionally thick bedded, micritic and grey to dark grey; it weathers to brownish grey and yellowish brown color. The limestone is very hard and forms ridges. It is fine crystalline t…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Spalga Formation", "underlies": "Isha Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shirinab-group", "name": "Shirinab Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shirinab-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic-Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Pre-Toarcian); maybe into late Triassic", "age": "Early Jurassic (Pre-Toarcian). Keeping in view the enormous thickness of the formation, it is believed that it may extend into the Triassic (Rhaetian-Pliensbachian; ~203.55-184.2 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Shirinab River section", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "230- >1,000 m More than 1,000 m in the Kallat section, and 230 m (measured, base not exposed) in the Gurruk-Ziarat section. m", "lithology": "Limestone. In the type area, the formation consists of limestone with subordinate marl and shale. The limestone is thin- to thick-bedded, grey to dark grey, ash grey, weathers rusty brown to brownish grey, mottled, sub-lithographic, micritic to biomicritic with shelly, oolitic, peletic and pisolitic interbeds. It is also crinoidal, platy, flaggy, dolomitized and argillaceous at places. Coquina be…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine, shallow marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "Lower Toarcian ammonites (Bouleiceras, Protogrammoceras); brachiopods, corals", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Dark Loralai and Anjira members indicate source-rock richness (need TOC/maturity testing).", "economicResources": "Source rock", "overlies": "Malikhore Formation", "underlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "spalga-formation", "name": "Spalga Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/spalga-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Late Triassic", "age": "The assigned Late Triassic age is based on stratigraphic position and lithological similarity to Late Triassic rocks of the Axial Belt (Carnian-Norian; ~237-216.52 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "Spalga village, 17 km SE of Miran Shah, in the northern extremity of the Axial Belt", "coordinates": "32.9292, 70.1292", "lat": 32.9292, "lng": 70.1292, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Fine-grained sandstone. The formation consists of sandstone, siltstone and shale. The sandstone is light to dark grey and weathers to rusty brown color. It is fine to medium grained, thin to medium bedded and exhibit circular rims due to color variation called as liasegang. Slump structures and worm burrows are commonly found in the sandstone beds. The shale is greenish grey and weathers to brown…", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Sarobi Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "sui-main-limestone", "name": "Sui Main Limestone Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sui-main-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Early Eocene (Ypresian)", "age": "Early Eocene (Ypresian) (Ypresian; ~56-52.83 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Well Sui-36", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "152-486 m", "lithology": "Limestone. At its type section Sui Main Limestone is composed entirely of limestone with minor dolomite, calcareous shales and marls. The limestone is creamy white to dirty white to off white in color. It is firm to moderately hard, occasionally soft, sub blocky to blocky, micro to cryptocrystalline and chalky in parts. The proposed formation represents a rich bioclastic limestone. It consists mo…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "Major gas reservoir at the Sui, Kandhkot and related fields; named by PPL. Subsurface type section at Sui.", "economicResources": "Reservoir", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "takatu-limestone", "name": "Takatu Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/takatu-limestone", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic (Toarcian to Bathonian)", "age": "Middle Jurassic (Toarcian to Bathonian). [NOTE: Upper Mazar Drik Member extends into Early Callovian] (Toarcian-Callovian; ~184.2-163.41 Ma)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Dara Manda Nallah", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "757-1,818 m", "lithology": "Reef limestone. It is typically a massive, thick to very thick bedded dark limestone that gives a fetid smell on broken surface. The color varies from dark to very light grey and brown to brownish grey; intraformational conglomerates have been found in the Takatu Range. The texture varies from fine grained, sub-lithographic to oolitic. At places the limestone is reefal or biohermal. The massive m…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Shirinab Formation", "underlies": "Sembar Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "zerghar-formation", "name": "Zerghar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/zerghar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Middle to Late Cretaceous", "age": "Middle to Late Cretaceous (Albian-Campanian; ~106.85-72.17 Ma)", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "NE of Miran Shah town (close to Isha section)", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Limestone. It is mainly a limestone with interbedded shale. The limestone varies in color from brown to yellowish grey on fresh surface, and on weathered surface it is dull brown. It is fine grained and thin to thick bedded. On broken surface, the impurities of iron, oxide are visible as cementing material. The limestone is highly fossiliferous and worm burrows are also present. The shale is gree…", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marsikhel Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "kathwai-member", "name": "Kathwai Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kathwai-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~10 ft (3 m) SE of Paniala", "lithology": "Brown thin-bedded limestone (upper, ~3 ft) over reddish-brown massive calcareous dolomite (lower, ~7 ft), commonly crossbedded; base lateritic (a break in sedimentation).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chhidru Formation", "underlies": "Mittiwali Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "mittiwali-member", "name": "Mittiwali Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mittiwali-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early Triassic", "age": "Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "239 ft (73 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Brownish-gray ammonite-bearing limestone (upper), greenish-brown calcareous micaceous sandstone with green shale (middle), argillaceous limestone (base).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kathwai Member", "underlies": "Narmia Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "narmia-member", "name": "Narmia Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/narmia-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Early-Middle Triassic", "age": "Early-Middle Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "249 ft (76 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Gray-brown crystalline argillaceous limestone with abundant ammonites and interbedded fine- to medium-grained calcareous sandstone.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mittiwali Member", "underlies": "Landa Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "landa-member", "name": "Landa Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/landa-member", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "115 ft (35 m) at Spinnagara Nala", "lithology": "Fine-grained greenish-gray sandstone, siltstone and green/gray shale; plant fossils common, brachiopods near the top.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Narmia Member", "underlies": "Khatkiara Sandstone Member", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "khatkiara-sandstone", "name": "Khatkiara Sandstone Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khatkiara-sandstone", "rank": "member", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Triassic", "epoch": "Triassic", "age": "Triassic", "introducedBy": "Kummel & Teichert (1966)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "150 ft (46 m) SE of Paniala", "lithology": "Brown and white soft friable micaceous sandstone, fine to medium grained; dolomitic near the top with thin gray/black shale; disconformable conglomeratic base.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Salt Range; Kohat Basin; Potwar Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Landa Member", "underlies": "Kingriali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "manki-formation", "name": "Manki Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/manki-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "", "age": "Precambrian", "introducedBy": "Tahirkheli (1970)", "typeLocality": "Southern Gandghar Range and northern Attock-Cherat Range, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "in excess of 1000 m", "lithology": "Argillite, slate and phyllite, dark greenish-gray to dark gray (weathering olive-gray to reddish-brown); commonly with two cleavage sets giving a splintery texture, graded bedding the only sedimentary structure observed. Metamorphic grade increases northward, argillite/slate passing into phyllite with extensive quartz veining, chevron folds and kink bands.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "marine", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "", "provinces": "Khyber–Nowshera Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Shahkot Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "bibai-formation", "name": "Bibai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bibai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Kazmi (1979)", "typeLocality": "Bibai Peak, Gogai area, northeast of Quetta, Balochistan", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~3,000 m (Ziarat region)", "lithology": "Two zones. Upper zone: thick volcanic-boulder conglomerate interbedded with ash beds and tuff, interfingering with coarse sandstone, argillaceous tuff and mudstone. Lower zone: interbedded agglomerate, tuff and basalt lava flows; its basal part is interbedded with the Parh Limestone.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "marine, volcanic", "basin": "Sulaiman Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "bivalves; brachiopods; gastropods", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Parh Limestone", "underlies": "Pab Sandstone", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 5 }, { "id": "mazar-drik-formation", "name": "Mazar Drik Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/mazar-drik-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle Jurassic (late Bathonian–early Callovian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "less than 30 m at Mazar Drik (Marri hills type area)", "lithology": "Interbedded grey limestone and dark shale.", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Early Callovian fauna (upper part)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Chiltan Limestone", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "siwalik-group", "name": "Siwalik Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/siwalik-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "age": "Miocene–Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~4,500 m in foredeep areas (Sulaiman Foredeep, Sibi and Karachi Troughs, Karachi Embayment)", "lithology": "Sandstones with alternating argillaceous (mudstone/siltstone) bands — fluvial outwash molasse.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Potwar Basin; Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kirthar Range; Sindh Province", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "chashmai-kharsai-formation", "name": "Chashmai Kharsai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chashmai-kharsai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Early Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Ahmad et al. (2000)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Belemnite-bearing shale.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "marine", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Belemnites", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Isha Formation", "underlies": "Marsikhel Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "hadda-quartzite", "name": "Hadda Quartzite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/hadda-quartzite", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Heron (1913)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "350 m", "lithology": "Calcareous quartzite, dull rusty brown, fine-grained (shallow-marine to deltaic), with minor conglomerate beds and rare lava flows.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "shallow marine, deltaic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Hadda Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Asianwala Formation", "underlies": "Chak 102 Conglomerate", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "wad-sayyidan-formation", "name": "Wad Sayyidan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wad-sayyidan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Hartsch et al. (2018)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "1054 m", "lithology": "Mafic volcanics and volcaniclastics (basalts and basaltic andesite) interbedded with slates, graphitic slates, dolomites and quartzwackes.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic, marine", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Buland Hill Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "buland-hill-formation", "name": "Buland Hill Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/buland-hill-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Hartsch et al. (2018)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "390 m", "lithology": "Felsic volcanics and volcanogenic slates, often interbedded with rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, andesite, dacite and dacitic tuff; intruded by swarms of dolerite sills and dykes.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Wad Sayyidan Formation", "underlies": "Chak 112 Conglomerates", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "chak-112-conglomerate", "name": "Chak 112 Conglomerates", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chak-112-conglomerate", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1999)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "2 m", "lithology": "Polymictic conglomerate with clasts of dolerite and acid volcanics.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "continental", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Buland Hill Formation", "underlies": "Taguwali Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "asianwala-formation", "name": "Asianwala Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/asianwala-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Heron (1913)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "250 m", "lithology": "Quartzite with subordinate quartz wackes/arenaceous slates, gritty quartzites and slates; often cross-bedded and ripple-marked.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "shallow marine", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Asianwala Quartzite", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Taguwali Formation", "underlies": "Hadda Quartzite", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "machh-super-group", "name": "Machh Super Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/machh-super-group", "rank": "supergroup", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Precambrian", "epoch": "Proterozoic", "age": "Proterozoic", "introducedBy": "Chaudhry et al. (1999)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Metasedimentary succession (conglomerate, quartzite, phyllite, slate) unconformably overlying the Hachi Volcanic Group.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "", "basin": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "region": "", "provinces": "Indo-Pakistan Shield", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Hachi Volcanic Group", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "alozai-group", "name": "Alozai Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/alozai-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early–Middle Jurassic", "age": "Middle and Early Jurassic", "introducedBy": "Fatmi et al. (1990)", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Jurassic shelf-carbonate and shale succession comprising the Loralai Formation over the Spingwar Formation.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "Balochistan Basin", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Allozai Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 7 }, { "id": "manglaur-formation", "name": "Manglaur Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/manglaur-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Precambrian", "period": "Ediacaran", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian", "introducedBy": "DiPietro (1990)", "typeLocality": "Ridge north of Narbatawal, near Loe Sar, Lower Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~1500 m (maximum exposed, uncorrected for strain and folding)", "lithology": "Metamorphosed garnetiferous schist and micaceous quartzite, with thick interlayers of quartzite, feldspathic quartzite and tremolite marble near the top; minor graphitic schist, amphibolite and marble.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "Northern Indus Suture", "region": "Malakand", "provinces": "Swat–Malakand", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Manglaur Schist", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Swat granitic gneiss", "underlies": "Alpurai Group", "lowerContact": "intrusive", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 5 }, { "id": "darwaz-an-formation", "name": "Darwaz An Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/darwaz-an-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Jurassic", "epoch": "Early Jurassic (Liassic)", "age": "Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)", "introducedBy": "Zanchi & Gaetani (2011)", "typeLocality": "Dark grey limestone strip just east of the Darwaz Pass (Darwaz An), upper Yarkhun Valley, between the top of the Ailak Formation and the overthrusting Devonian Chilmarabad dolostones; the only dated Jurassic succession identified in the upper Yarkhun Valley.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "preserved thickness slightly less than 100 m", "lithology": "At the base, a few metres of thin grey-brown sandstones (locally present), overlain by medium-bedded grey limestone (wackestone to packstone) with seams of fragmentary bivalves, layers of turriculate gastropods and foraminifers; the upper part is medium- to thick-bedded recrystallized limestone spectacularly crowded with large to giant bivalves (up to 40 cm), including pernids and ostreids (some resembling Mytiloperna sp.) in Lithiotis-facies.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "carbonate platform, restricted, confined lagoon", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Large to giant bivalves (pernids, ostreids; Lithiotis-facies); Turriculate gastropods; Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera; Amijiella amiji; Pseudocyclammina liasica; Siphovalvulina variabilis; Planinvoluta carinata", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ailak Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "fault", "references": 3 }, { "id": "vandanil-formation", "name": "Vandanil Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/vandanil-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Early Devonian", "age": "Early Devonian (Pragian)", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (2008)", "typeLocality": "Type section on the southeast side of the Ribat Bar, above the summer meadows of Vandanil, Karambar Unit; recognized only in the Karambar Unit.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 625 m", "lithology": "About 625 m in five lithozones: (1) grey slightly dolomitized limestone with crinoids, brachiopod and tabulate-coral fragments (~135 m); (2) light grey dolostones (~50 m); (3) grey carbonatic siltstones with nodular limestones and dolostone banks, capped by calcareous slates (~150 m); (4) grey nodular limestones rich in brachiopods, corals, crinoids and nautiloids (~120 m); (5) grey dolostones with massive mounds built by dendroid-to-phacelloid rugosans, tabulates and calcareous algae (~170 m).", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, carbonate ramp", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Conodonts (Pandorinellina steinhornensis miae, Ozarkodina spp., Amydrotaxis spp.); Crinoids; Brachiopods; Tabulate corals; Rugosans; Calcareous algae; Nautiloids", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Vidiakot Formation", "underlies": "Chilmarabad Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 3 }, { "id": "tupop-formation", "name": "Tupop Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/tupop-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Late Cretaceous", "age": "Late Cretaceous", "introducedBy": "Gaetani et al. (1990a)", "typeLocality": "Widely exposed west and south of Babaghundi Ziarat in the Chapursan Valley, along the Buattar valley and northward up the Irshad Uwin Valley (Sost Unit).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Channelized red cobble–pebble conglomerates in amalgamated several-metre beds interbedded with sandstone and red shales; usually clast-supported with carbonate cement, clasts predominantly carbonate with subordinate terrigenous and few volcanic clasts. Basal rhyolitic ignimbrites (top of the Hidden Gorge) and a ~10 m dark red ignimbrite occur locally.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Aghil Limestone", "underlies": "Darband Formation", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 3 }, { "id": "ini-sar-formation", "name": "Ini Sar Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/ini-sar-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "Guadalupian", "age": "Middle Permian (Guadalupian; early Murgabian)", "introducedBy": "Leven et al. (2007)", "typeLocality": "Forms a strip from Lashkargaz to the Baroghil Pass (Baroghil-Lashkargaz Unit), drastically reduced at the Baroghil Pass; type section figured after Leven et al. (2007).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to 370 m", "lithology": "A basal few metres of polymictic conglomerate with carbonate pebbles up to 15 cm (fining up, <15 m), overlain by coarse grey calcarenites in 20-50 cm beds with siltstone intercalations; the bulk is monotonous light grey sucrosic dolostone in massive beds with rare ghosts of thin-shelled bioclasts. Up to 370 m.", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "marine, shallow marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "Karakoram-Hindukush Basin", "region": "Central Karakoram Batholith", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "Fusulinids (Schubertella, Yangchienia, Chusenella, Neoschwagerina spp.); Brachiopods; Crinoids; Bryozoans; Sphinctozoans", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Lashkargaz Formation", "underlies": "Ailak Formation", "lowerContact": "unconformity", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 1 }, { "id": "kamila-amphibolite-belt", "name": "Kamila Amphibolite Belt", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kamila-amphibolite-belt", "rank": "complex", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Early to mid-Cretaceous (transition from oceanic to arc magmatism inferred); hornblende Ar-Ar cooling ages c. 80-83 Ma record suturing-related deformation", "introducedBy": "Treloar et al. (1989, 1996)", "typeLocality": "Kamila area, Indus valley, Kohistan; forms the southern part of the arc (Kamila Shear Zone).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Amphibolite-facies basic lavas (some pillowed), hyaloclastite and breccias intruded by gabbros and diorites; two suites — a Ti-rich, HFSE/HREE-enriched high-Ti oceanic-type MORB suite and a Ti-poor, calc-alkaline low-Ti arc suite with a negative Nb anomaly.", "lithologyType": "breccia", "environment": "volcanic-arc, oceanic, marine", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Kohistan Batholith", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Jaglot Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "intrusive", "references": 5 }, { "id": "chalt-volcanic-group", "name": "Chalt Volcanic Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chalt-volcanic-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Mid-Cretaceous (pre-suturing)", "introducedBy": "Petterson et al. (1990); Treloar et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Hunza Valley and nearby valleys, northern Kohistan (Chalt area).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "A relatively thick, lava-dominated accumulation of high-Mg (MgO 6-15%) tholeiitic volcanic rocks — Mg-basalt to Mg-andesite and boninite (boninitic Si/Mg/Cr/Ni/Ti/Zr signatures, negative Nb anomalies, high LILE/HFSE), bimodal with volumetrically minor rhyolites; strongly deformed with stretched pillows.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Chalt Volcanics", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Jaglot Group", "underlies": "Yasin Group", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 4 }, { "id": "kohistan-batholith", "name": "Kohistan Batholith", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kohistan-batholith", "rank": "complex", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous-Paleogene", "epoch": "", "age": "Cretaceous to Oligocene (c. 104-26 Ma; Stage 1 c. 104 Ma pre-suturing, Stages 2-3 c. 85-26 Ma post-suturing)", "introducedBy": "Petterson & Windley (1985)", "typeLocality": "Northern Kohistan (Gilgit-Chalt-Hunza belt), intruding the Jaglot and Chalt sequences.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Calc-alkaline gabbroic to granitoid plutons — tonalites (e.g. the Matum Das Stage-1 tonalite), diorites, granodiorites, granites and granite sheets (e.g. Parri, Indus Confluence).", "lithologyType": "igneous", "environment": "volcanic-arc, plutonic", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Kohistan Batholith", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "intrusive", "references": 6 }, { "id": "shamran-volcanic-group", "name": "Shamran Volcanic Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shamran-volcanic-group", "rank": "group", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene-Eocene", "age": "Eocene (Shamran volcanics c. 58 Ma, Western Volcanics c. 61 Ma; post-suturing)", "introducedBy": "Treloar et al. (1996)", "typeLocality": "Shamran area, Kohistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Highly evolved calc-alkaline volcanics spanning basaltic andesite to rhyolite with strong LILE enrichment and high LILE/HFSE; includes the bimodal Western Volcanics and the Shamran and Drosh volcanics.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, continental", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "peshmal-schists", "name": "Peshmal Schists", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/peshmal-schists", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "", "age": "Mid-Cretaceous (basal Jaglot Group)", "introducedBy": "Sullivan et al. (1993)", "typeLocality": "Peshmal, Swat Valley.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Quartz-bearing volcaniclastic (superficially greywacke-like) sediments with well-developed graded bedding; calc-alkaline arc-type provenance.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Jaglot Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 1 }, { "id": "gashu-confluence-volcanics", "name": "Gashu-Confluence Volcanics", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/gashu-confluence-volcanics", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "Cretaceous", "epoch": "Early Cretaceous", "age": "Cretaceous (Jaglot Group, Kohistan arc)", "introducedBy": "Khan T. et al. (1997)", "typeLocality": "Near the junction of Gashu Gah and Sai Nala, vicinity of Gilgit, Kohistan (Gilgit-Baltistan), northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 500 m (Khan T. et al. 1994)", "lithology": "About 0.5 km of volcaniclastics and massive to pillowed basalts (metavolcaniclastic, metavolcanic and metacalcareous rocks); conformable between the underlying Gilgit Formation and the overlying Thelichi Formation.", "lithologyType": "volcanic", "environment": "volcanic-arc, marine", "basin": "Kohistan Arc", "region": "Northern Greenstone Belt", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gilgit Formation", "underlies": "Thelichi Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 3 }, { "id": "kargocha-formation", "name": "Kargocha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kargocha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Pliocene", "age": "Pliocene (magnetostratigraphic; ~3.2 Ma and younger, to the base of the Gauss chron)", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Bhittani, Marwat and Khasor Ranges, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Red-bed facies (mudstone-dominated), the local Trans-Indus equivalent of the Chinji lithofacies; sediment-accumulation rate ~60 cm/1000 yr.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Marwat Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "conformable", "references": 1 }, { "id": "marwat-formation", "name": "Marwat Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/marwat-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene-Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene (magnetostratigraphic; Gauss through Matuyama chrons)", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Marwat Range, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~1800 m (Bain Pass section)", "lithology": "Thick brown channel sandstones of the paleo-Indus, devoid of siltstone units (the local equivalent of the Nagri sandstone facies); sediment-accumulation rates ~65-102 cm/1000 yr within the Matuyama chron.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Kargocha Formation", "underlies": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sheri-gasha-formation", "name": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sheri-gasha-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene-Quaternary", "epoch": "Pliocene-Pleistocene", "age": "Pliocene to Pleistocene", "introducedBy": "Morris (1938); usage of Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Bhittani Range, Trans-Indus, NW Pakistan (Morris 1938; Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "about 400 m", "lithology": "Sandstone with a higher siltstone/sandstone ratio than the underlying Marwat Formation (the local equivalent of the Dhok Pathan facies).", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Marwat Formation", "underlies": "Malagan Formation", "lowerContact": "conformable", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "malagan-formation", "name": "Malagan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/malagan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Quaternary", "period": "Quaternary", "epoch": "Pleistocene", "age": "Pleistocene (Brunhes chron)", "introducedBy": "Munthe (1981)", "typeLocality": "Trans-Indus ranges (Garhi Landa and other Bhittani/Marwat sections), NW Pakistan (Munthe 1981).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Thin coarse brown sandstone and conglomerate; the uppermost Trans-Indus Siwalik unit.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial, continental", "basin": "Bannu Basin", "region": "Trans-Indus Ranges", "provinces": "Kohat Basin", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Sheri Gasha Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "unconformity", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sherwan-formation", "name": "Sherwan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sherwan-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Carboniferous", "epoch": "Pennsylvanian", "age": "Late Carboniferous (dolomite; hosted soapstone/talc altered in the Permian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sherwan area near Abbottabad, Hazara (Lesser Himalaya); soapstone mined at the Khandakhu Mine, ~42 km from Abbottabad.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dolostone (dolomite), locally altered to dolostone-hosted soapstone (talc/steatite) with brucite, magnesite, willemseite, montmorillonite, pyrite and hematite.", "lithologyType": "dolomite", "environment": "marine, carbonate platform", "basin": "Hazara Basin", "region": "Lesser Himalaya", "provinces": "Hazara Basin", "fossils": "Anthracoporella spectabilis (dasyclad alga, Late Carboniferous)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "A premium soapstone (talc/steatite) source — the dolostone-hosted talc bodies are actively mined in the Sherwan area of Abbottabad (e.g. the Khandakhu Mine). Trace chromium levels bear on the industrial grade of the soapstone (Majeed et al. 2025).", "economicResources": "Other", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "charun-quartzite", "name": "Charun Quartzite", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/charun-quartzite", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "Middle Devonian", "age": "Middle Devonian (uppermost beds mid-Givetian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kurâgh Spur, ~7.5 km NE of Reshun, Chitral (type section designated by Talent et al. 1999, shared with the overlying Shogrâm Formation).", "coordinates": "36.2167, 72.1667", "lat": 36.2167, "lng": 72.1667, "thickness": "about 100 m", "lithology": "Quartzarenites, more heterolithic than the name implies (with subordinate finer clastics); deposited by turbidity currents.", "lithologyType": "", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral; Karakoram", "fossils": "Brachiopod moulds (poorly preserved); Conodonts (in beds transitional to the Shogrâm Formation)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "Shogram Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 3 }, { "id": "shaigalu-member", "name": "Shaigalu Member", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/shaigalu-member", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene–Neogene", "epoch": "Oligocene–Miocene", "age": "Oligocene to Early Miocene", "introducedBy": "Hunting Survey Corporation (1960) as the 'Shaigalu sandstone'; formalised as the Shaigalu Member by Shah (2009)", "typeLocality": "Shaigalu militia post, ~50 km southwest of Zhob (reference section); up to ~3,950 m at the Manzakai section (Qayyum et al. 1996).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~3,950 m (Manzakai section)", "lithology": "Sandstone with minor interbedded shale (lithic arenite); fluvial- to wave-dominated deltaic.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "deltaic", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Khojak–Pishin flysch belt", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "molluscs; gastropods", "synonyms": "Shaigalu Sandstone", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Murgha Faqirzai Formation", "underlies": "Dasht Murgha Group", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 6 }, { "id": "dasht-murgha-group", "name": "Dasht Murgha Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/dasht-murgha-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Middle–Late Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene", "introducedBy": "Kasi et al. (2012)", "typeLocality": "Dasht Murgha Syncline (Dasht Murgha area), Pishin Belt — designated reference section; the group reaches a maximum thickness of ~4,800 m in the Naweoba area near Zhob.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~4,800 m (Naweoba area)", "lithology": "Interbedded sandstone (lithic arenite/sublitharenite), mudstone and conglomerate; fluvial.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Pishin Belt (Qila Saifullah)", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Khojak Formation", "underlies": "Malthanai Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "khuzhobai-formation", "name": "Khuzhobai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/khuzhobai-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Miocene", "age": "Early to Middle Miocene", "introducedBy": "Kasi et al. (2012)", "typeLocality": "Khuzhobai section (reference section) at the Khuzhobai spring, about 25 km north of Qila Saifullah on the Qila Saifullah–Sharan Jogezai road, Pishin Belt (published reference-section location N 30 deg 54 min E 68 deg 30 min; coordinate not independently confirmed).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~150 m", "lithology": "Cyclic sandstone and dominant brownish-red to maroon mudstone (gypsiferous in the upper part), with reddish-brown fine- to coarse-grained channel sandstone; fluvial.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Pishin Belt (Dasht Murgha)", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Nisai Limestone", "underlies": "Bahlol Nika Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "bahlol-nika-formation", "name": "Bahlol Nika Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/bahlol-nika-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Early–Middle Miocene", "age": "Early to Middle Miocene", "introducedBy": "Kasi et al. (2012)", "typeLocality": "Stream section south of the Bahlol Nika Ziarat, Dasht Murgha area, about 30 km northwest of Qila Saifullah (reference section; published location N 30 deg 54 min 30 sec E 68 deg 22 min 03 sec; coordinate not independently confirmed).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~1,200 m", "lithology": "Dominantly greyish-green (subordinately reddish-brown) fine- to medium-grained sandstone with subordinate greenish-grey to maroon mudstone, siltstone and occasional pebbly conglomerate; large-scale trough cross-bedding; fluvial.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Pishin Belt (Dasht Murgha)", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Khuzhobai Formation", "underlies": "Sra Khula Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sra-khula-formation", "name": "Sra Khula Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sra-khula-formation", "rank": "formation", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Middle–Late Miocene", "age": "Middle to Late Miocene", "introducedBy": "Kasi et al. (2012)", "typeLocality": "Core of the Dasht Murgha Syncline near Sra Khula village, Dasht Murgha area, Pishin Belt (reference section; published location N 30 deg 56 min 30 sec E 68 deg 18 min 35 sec; coordinate not independently confirmed).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "up to ~700 m", "lithology": "Cyclic dark-red to maroon mudstone (intervals up to ~165 m) with subordinate coarse- to very-coarse-grained, pebbly, gritty sandstone (trough and low-angle cross-bedding); rare lateritic beds; fluvial.", "lithologyType": "mudstone", "environment": "fluvial", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Pishin Belt (Dasht Murgha)", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Bahlol Nika Formation", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "malthanai-formation", "name": "Malthanai Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/malthanai-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Late Miocene–Pliocene", "age": "Late Miocene to Pliocene", "introducedBy": "Kasi et al. (2012), renaming the 'Multana Formation' of the Hunting Survey Corporation (1960)", "typeLocality": "Oblin Nala section near Malthanai village, Pishin Belt (type section; published location N 31 deg 02 min 15 sec E 69 deg 04 min 41 sec, coordinate not independently confirmed); ~2,500 m thick.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "~2,500 m (Oblin Nala type section)", "lithology": "Sandstone (lithic arenite) with subordinate mudstone and conglomerate; fluvial.", "lithologyType": "sandstone", "environment": "fluvial", "basin": "Pishin–Katawaz Basin", "region": "Pishin Belt", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Multana Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Dasht Murgha Group", "underlies": "Bostan Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "urak-formation", "name": "Urak Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/urak-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Neogene", "epoch": "Pliocene", "age": "Pliocene", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Conglomerate, sandstone and shale (molasse).", "lithologyType": "conglomerate", "environment": "fluvial, alluvial", "basin": "Pishin Basin", "region": "Quetta–Pishin (Tungi Syncline)", "provinces": "Zhob-Muslim Bagh", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "kirthar-group", "name": "Kirthar Group", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/kirthar-group", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Middle–Late Eocene", "age": "Middle to Late Eocene (Lutetian–Bartonian)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Kirthar Range / Sulaiman Range", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "Several hundred metres (variable across the Sulaiman and Kohat basins).", "lithology": "Alternating shelf limestone and shale (Habib Rahi and Pirkoh limestones; Domanda and Drazinda shales).", "lithologyType": "limestone", "environment": "shallow marine, shelf", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Sulaiman Fold Belt; Kohat Basin", "fossils": "Larger benthic foraminifera (Nummulites, Assilina); Molluscs", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Ghazij Group", "underlies": "Chitarwatta Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 0 }, { "id": "wakhan-formation", "name": "Wakhan Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/wakhan-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Palaeozoic–Early Triassic", "introducedBy": "Wakhan slates of Hayden (1915); characterised by Gaetani et al. (1996) and Mujtaba et al. (2024).", "typeLocality": "Wakhan / Upper Chitral, from Tirich Mir to the Chapursan valley (Hindu Kush–northern Karakoram).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Dark grey homogeneous slate, siltstone and quartzite with occasional calcareous schists; carbonaceous quartzitic slates with minor greenish sandstone (ripple marks) and white quartzite; grades northward into gneiss.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Wakhan Slates", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 2 }, { "id": "chitral-slate", "name": "Chitral Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/chitral-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Palaeozoic", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Chitral region, northern Pakistan.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Fine-grained black slates with subordinate dark grey phyllite, quartzite and layers of limestone or marble; limestone dark grey to black, medium-grained, recrystallised.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Chitral Slates", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "sarikol-shale", "name": "Sarikol Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/sarikol-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Devonian", "epoch": "", "age": "Devonian", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Sarikol Range; exposed near Shogram village, Chitral.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Predominantly slates with occasional quartzitic elements and limestone beds; near Shogram, black shale and slate with minor limestone beds.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Hindukush-Chitral", "fossils": "nautiloids (Devonian)", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "baraul-banda-formation", "name": "Baraul Banda Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/baraul-banda-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Cenozoic", "period": "Paleogene", "epoch": "Paleocene–Eocene", "age": "Late Paleocene–Early Eocene", "introducedBy": "Defined within the Dir Group by Sullivan et al.; provenance-characterised by Qasim (2026).", "typeLocality": "Dir–Kalam road, Dir district, Kohistan (western Kohistan–Ladakh Arc).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "basal conglomerate 2–32 m; thick fine-grained succession above", "lithology": "Fine-grained deep-marine siliciclastics — slate, mudstone, siltstone and fine sandstone with minor fossiliferous limestone; basal conglomerate/breccia (2–32 m); quartzite; low-grade chlorite–sericite metamorphism.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kohistan Arc", "fossils": "Nummulites; Discocyclina; Actinocyclina", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Mankial Metavolcanics", "underlies": "Utror Volcanic Formation", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "pak-china-friendship-formation", "name": "Pak-China Friendship Formation", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/pak-china-friendship-formation", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian (inferred from position above the Lower Permian Gircha Formation)", "introducedBy": "Newly defined by Tahirkheli et al. (1990), Upper Hunza Valley.", "typeLocality": "Road section ~3 km south of Dih, Upper Hunza Valley, northern Karakoram (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "10 m (near Passu/Khaiber) to over 30 m (south of Dih)", "lithology": "Quartzite and quartzitic sandstone with thin- to thick-bedded, medium- to fine-grained slates (weathering light yellowish-brown to brownish-grey); thin erratic conglomerate bands of sub-angular quartzite pebbles and slate chips in a siliceous matrix; locally intruded by granite, diorite and dolerite.", "lithologyType": "metamorphic", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Dih Formation; PCF Formation", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Gircha Formation", "underlies": "Passu Slate", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "passu-slate", "name": "Passu Slate", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/passu-slate", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Paleozoic", "period": "Permian", "epoch": "", "age": "Permian (position between the Gircha Formation and Gujal Dolomite; no fossils reported)", "introducedBy": "", "typeLocality": "Passu, Upper Hunza Valley, northern Karakoram (Gilgit-Baltistan).", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "", "lithology": "Light to dark grey, thin- to medium-bedded slaty shale, slate and phyllitic slate with subordinate calcareous and arenaceous partings; splintery weathering; sporadically intruded by granite, diorite, dolerite, aplite and vein quartz.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Karakoram", "fossils": "", "synonyms": "Passu Slates; Misgar Slate", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pak-China Friendship Formation", "underlies": "Guhjal Dolomite", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 }, { "id": "korara-shale", "name": "Korara Shale", "url": "https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/korara-shale", "rank": "", "status": "published", "era": "Mesozoic", "period": "", "epoch": "", "age": "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Paleocene (Montian); locally into the Lower Eocene", "introducedBy": "Korara Shale of the Jakkher Group (HSC 1960); foraminiferal biostratigraphy by Khursheed (1972).", "typeLocality": "Jakkher Lak (Map ref 35 O/2), Pab Range; measured reference section at Goth Allah Baksh, ~6 miles south of Jakkher Lak.", "coordinates": "", "lat": null, "lng": null, "thickness": "460 m (Goth Allah Baksh)", "lithology": "Dark grey to olive grey shale with traces of clayey, dark grey, fine-grained sandstone.", "lithologyType": "shale", "environment": "", "basin": "", "region": "", "provinces": "Kirthar Range; Sulaiman Fold Belt", "fossils": "Globotruncana stuarti; Globotruncana gansseri; Pseudotextularia elegans; Heterohelix navarroensis; Guembelitria cretacea; Zeauvigerina aegyptica", "synonyms": "", "economic": "", "economicResources": "", "overlies": "Pab Sandstone", "underlies": "", "lowerContact": "", "upperContact": "", "references": 1 } ] }