https://stratigraphy.pk/articles Long-form, plain-language articles on the stratigraphy and geology of Pakistan. en Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/tribute-to-pakistans-geologists https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/tribute-to-pakistans-geologists Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready An appreciation of the people — Pakistani and foreign alike — who mapped, named and dated the rocks of Pakistan: from nineteenth-century surveyors like Wynne, Blanford and Waagen and Salt Range pioneers like E.R. Gee, to the Kohistan-arc geologists, the fossil hunters of the Siwaliks and Eocene whales, and the modern compilers of the national record. People History https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/economic-geology-of-pakistan https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/economic-geology-of-pakistan Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready How Pakistan's stratigraphy underpins its economy — Eocene limestone gas reservoirs like Sui, the vast Thar lignite field, the ancient rock salt of Khewra, and the copper–gold of the Chagai arc. Economic geology Resources https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/siwalik-mammals-potwar https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/siwalik-mammals-potwar Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready The Siwalik Group of the Potwar Plateau holds one of the richest fossil-mammal records on Earth — elephants, giraffes, rhinos, three-toed horses and the early ape Sivapithecus, all laid down by rivers draining the young Himalaya. Fossils Palaeontology Neogene https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/whales-with-legs-eocene https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/whales-with-legs-eocene Sat, 25 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready How the Eocene rocks of Pakistan captured one of evolution's greatest transitions — the return of mammals to the sea — in fossils like Pakicetus, Ambulocetus and Rodhocetus. Fossils Palaeontology Eocene https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/salt-range-billion-years https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/salt-range-billion-years Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready Why the Salt Range of northern Punjab is Pakistan's classic geological locality — an almost complete rock sequence from Precambrian salt to the young sediments of the Himalayan foreland, all exposed in one narrow band of hills. Regional geology Salt Range Classic locality https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/biostratigraphy-and-biozones https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/biostratigraphy-and-biozones Sat, 18 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready How fossils date and correlate Pakistan's rocks — from Triassic ceratite ammonoids in the Salt Range and Palaeozoic conodonts of the Karakoram to Eocene larger-foraminifer zones and Siwalik mammal biochronology. Concepts Palaeontology Biostratigraphy https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/international-stratigraphy-ics-chart https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/international-stratigraphy-ics-chart Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready How the global geological timescale is built — chronostratigraphy, stages, GSSP 'golden spikes' and the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart — and where Pakistan's sections, such as the Salt Range Permian–Triassic boundary, fit into it. Concepts Stratigraphy 101 https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/india-asia-collision https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/india-asia-collision Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready The plate-tectonic story behind Pakistan's geology — the breakup of Gondwana, India's long drift north, the closing of Tethys, and the collision with Asia that raised the Himalaya, Karakoram and the fold belts. Tectonics Regional geology https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/how-a-formation-gets-its-name https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/how-a-formation-gets-its-name Wed, 08 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready A plain-language guide to lithostratigraphic nomenclature — what a formation, member, group and bed actually are, how they are defined at a type locality, and how the names are governed and revised. Concepts Stratigraphy 101 https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/tobra-formation-gondwana-glaciation https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/tobra-formation-gondwana-glaciation Sun, 05 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready The Tobra Formation of the Salt Range records a time when the land that is now Pakistan lay near the South Pole and was buried under ice — Pakistan's chapter in the great Late Palaeozoic glaciation of Gondwana. Palaeoclimate Permian Salt Range https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/reading-unconformities https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/reading-unconformities Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready An unconformity is missing time — a surface where rock was eroded or never deposited. A guide to the kinds of unconformity, how to recognise them, and why the gaps in Pakistan's rock record are as informative as the layers themselves. Concepts Stratigraphy 101 https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/stratigraphy-of-pakistan https://stratigraphy.pk/articles/stratigraphy-of-pakistan Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT Rank Ready A clear, in-depth introduction to the stratigraphy of Pakistan — its plate-tectonic setting, the Indus Basin, the Salt Range, world-famous Siwalik and Eocene fossils, and the formations behind its oil, gas and coal. Overview Regional geology Beginner