Pakistan Stratigraphy · stratigraphy.pk
Panjal Formation
https://stratigraphy.pk/formation/panjal-formation
Panjal Formation
Early Permian (~290 Ma)
Northern Indus Suture · Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Kaghan Nappe And Nosehri Area Of Lower Neelum And Lamnian Area Of Upper Jhelum, Azad Kashmir
Carboniferous–Permian in the time scale →Stratigraphic position
Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.
This unit (highlighted) within its province column; faded ends continue above and below. Line style marks the contact type.
The Carboniferous–Permian Panjal volcanics ('greenstones') and agglomerate slate of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis.
Chushal Formation (Chushal agglomeratic slate) is named by Chaudhry et al. (1986) after the metavolcanics and sediments of Panjal system of Lydekker (1878), Panjal volcanic series of Wadia (1931), lower agglomerate slate and upper volcanosedimentary unit of Calkin et al. (1969). Chaudhry et al. (1986) named the lower agglomerate slate as Chushal formation and Panjal Formation for the upper volcanosedimentary unit of Calkin et al. (1969). Panjal group is exposed in the northern and eastern margins of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis wedged in between Murree and Panjal faults. It is further exposed in the Nosehri area of lower Neelum and Lamnian area of upper Jhelum and some kms east of Forward Kahota, Azad Kashmir Panjal intrusives consists of dolerite dykes intrude the pretrappean sequences in the NW Himalayas. Pascoe (1959) mentioned the genetic connection between the dolerite dykes and Panjal formation (trap). The laccolithic bosses of coarse gabbro and norite have intruded in the Chushal agglomerate slate in the Panjal range. Near Hurapor the sills in Agglomerate slates have been traced into lavas of the Panjal trap. These dolerite dykes intrude the Hazara, Tanawal and some other Proterozoic sequences in the Khyber-Hazara metamorphic belt.
Significance. The Panjal volcanic-and-agglomeratic-slate sequence exposed around the apex of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (the 'Panjal System' of Lydekker, 1878); Calkins et al. (1969) applied the name to both the greenstone lava flows/tuffs and the agglomerate slate, dated Carboniferous to Permian on rare fossils.
- Lithology
- Moderately metamorphosed lava flows and tuffs ('greenstones'; the Panjal volcanics), together with black agglomeratic slate — Carboniferous shale, slate and phyllite with quartzose agglomeratic sandstone.
- Type locality
- Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis (Nosehri, lower Neelum; Lamnian, upper Jhelum)
- Basin
- Northern Indus Suture
- Region
- Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Kaghan Nappe And Nosehri Area Of Lower Neelum And Lamnian Area Of Upper Jhelum, Azad Kashmir
- Environment
- volcanic, marine
- Introduced by
- Calkins et al. (1969)
Provinces
References
- Shellnutt, J. G. et al. (2011). U–Pb zircon ages constrain the Panjal Traps to the Early Permian (~288–289 Ma).
- Malkani, M. S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, Vol. 24.
- Malkani, M.S. & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Vol. 24.
- Kazmi, A.H. & Jan, M.Q. (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi.
Reviewer confidence: medium
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