Browse by rock type

Dolomite, limestone, sandstone and quartzite (the Sirban dolomite).

Grey and white limestone and dolomite.

Massive dolomite and limestone.

Alternating limestone and shale (Parh-like limestone near Mand).

Brownish-grey dolomite with chert lenses and shale layers; the upper part is more massive with stromatolitic laminations.

Dolomite, limestone, shale, sandstone and marble.

Limestone and chert.

It consists of dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, marl, sandstone and shale.

Thick shelf carbonate — pisolitic to oolitic limestone with reefal development in the upper part.

About 300 m of red and grey nodular limestone interbedded with conglomerate at the top.

About 150 m of dark limestone.

Cream-coloured limestone with dolomite, overlain by maroon argillite.

Largely orange, pale-olive to greenish-grey limestone interbedded with subordinate shale.

Limestone with shale interbeds

Limestone and calcareous shale (Habib Rahi, Pirkoh) alternating with marl and shale (Domanda, Drazinda).

Dark-grey, hard, thick-bedded limestone with marly and shaly interbeds in the Sulaiman area; grey to cream, thin-bedded above and thick-bedded to massive, reefoid below in the Kirthar area.

Grey, massive limestone with coarsely crystalline marble (locally up to about 3 km thick) and a central zone of grey micaceous phyllite.

Green phyllites and limestone; intruded near the base by diorite.

Interbedded limestone, shale and siltstone; lower part shalier (thin-bedded light limestone with splintery grey-olive shale), upper part thin-bedded porcellaneous limestone; grades up into the Parh Limestone.

About 1000 m of limestone and slate.

Greyish-brown, thin- to thick-bedded or massive, hard argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with nodules and cherty beds.

Thin-bedded, yellowish- to greenish-grey crystalline limestone with common dendrites and stylolites.

Argillite with subordinate limestone, quartzite and conglomerate; a discontinuous conglomerate marks the basal unconformity.

Shelly (coquinoid) limestone and littoral concretionary deposits.

Dolomite, dolomitic limestone, shale

Light grey to white limestone, marl, shale

Basal limestone with oysters and reptile bones, overlain by olive to grey ferruginous fossiliferous sandstone and gypsiferous shale with fossiliferous limestone interbeds; includes basaltic lava flows.

Thick-bedded limestone, marble and massive dolomite with minor shale; limonite-rich arenaceous beds occur in the middle part.

Dolomite, dolomitic limestone with cellular (honeycomb) weathering

Thick grey, massive to thick-bedded, fossiliferous nummulitic limestone.

Massive platform-type limestone.

Grey, thin- to thick-bedded nodular, sandy and locally argillaceous fossiliferous limestone with sandstone and shale interbeds in the upper part.

Cream to grey limestone with subordinate marl, calcareous shale, sandstone and lateritic clay.

Limestone.

Dark grey nodular (rubbly) limestone

Limestone, shale, marl

Limestone.

Grey to dark grey (weathering pale grey), nodular, medium- to thick-bedded and massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale.

Grey limestone, dolomite, shale with thin-bedded appearance

Limestone (locally dolomitic).

Marine limestone and marl (Mianwali), fluvio-deltaic sandstone and shale (Tredian) and dolomitic limestone (Kingriali).

Black nummulitic limestone with conglomerate and subordinate clastics (includes the Nimargh, Wad, Wakabi and Wakai limestones of later workers).

Reef limestone rich in corals and stromatoporoids, surrounded by brecciated reef limestone and sparsely fossiliferous dolomite, with a middle carbonate-cemented sandstone unit.

Limestone with shale intercalations.

Very uniform, persistent, thin-bedded light-grey, white or cream porcellaneous limestone with a characteristic pink-purple-maroon band and interbeds of variegated shale and marl.

Limestone and dolomite.

Brown, grey to white, thin-bedded limestone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and dark-grey calcareous claystone.

Fossiliferous limestone and marl.

Light grey to off-white, thin- to thick-bedded, nodular to massive limestone with subordinate marl and shale, and chert nodules common in the upper part.

Massive grey limestone

Limestone, shale, marl

Grey to black, partly brown limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, locally dolomitic and highly fractured, with thinly laminated limestone and sheared shale at the top.

Limestone, argillite and shale, with a basal cherty limestone and thin discontinuous algal limestone in the upper part.

Thick-bedded fossiliferous limestone with marl, siltstone and sandstone; cherty nodules occur near the top.

Limestone and marble (locally oolitic, grey to light-brown and pink) with subordinate quartzite and shale; brecciated white marble is locally associated with igneous dykes.

Compacted, yellowish-grey, medium- to thin-bedded fossiliferous limestone with shale partings, plus subordinate shale and sandstone; micrite-dominated.

Massive crinoidal dolomite in the lower part; bedded dolomite, fossiliferous limestone with corals and thin shale in the middle; and cross-bedded fine- to medium-grained quartzite with brachiopod-bearing limestone in the upper part.

Interbedded grey to black crystalline limestone, oolitic and shelly in places, with calcareous shale and sandstone interbeds in the lower part.

Limestone and shale.

Crystalline and oolitic shelf limestone (Shirinab members and Chiltan) with an overlying ironstone (Dilband).

Crystalline limestone (marble).

Cliff-forming carbonate with sharp lateral facies variations.

Limestone, argillite and shale; a lower stromatolite-bearing limestone is overlain by laminated argillite and shale, with an intraformational conglomerate carrying clasts of the Manki and Shahkot formations.

Limestone, marl and shale (reefal in part).

Light grey to cream fossiliferous limestone

Massive black dolomitic limestone with a 6 m pisolitic ironstone bed.

Marine limestone, dolomite, sandstone and shale — the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations (formerly the lower, middle and upper Productus Limestone).

Fluviatile to paralic sandstone and shale with coal and carbonaceous beds.

300–500 m of sandstone, siltstone, slate, microconglomerate and thin limestone, with basal black shale and lenses of white dolomitic marble.

Clastic facies — sandstone and shale — of the Eocene Kohat succession.

Mud, sandstone and conglomerate, becoming conglomerate-dominated upward.

Grey to greenish sandstone, siltstone, limestone

Dark greenish grey glauconitic sandstone, glauconitic shale

Grey to greenish sandstone, siltstone, limestone

Red clay and sandstone

Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance

Grey and brown sandstone with clay interbeds

Oolitic hematite ironstone with sandstone and shale.

Thick-bedded to massive arkosic and quartzarenitic sandstone with slate (argillite) intercalations, passing upward into dark argillites with thin limestone–dolomite beds; sandstones are rich in igneous rock fragments.

Sandstone, grey shale, coal, laterite

Grey sandstone with conglomerate lenses

About 800 m of slaty calcareous sandstone, phyllite and conglomerate.

Purple to reddish-brown sandstone with cross-bedding

Continental to paralic sandstone and mudstone (molasse).

Glauconitic and micaceous sandstone, siltstone, dolomite interbeds

Greenish-grey sandstone with subordinate conglomerate and mudstone.

White to grey quartzose sandstone

Fluvial sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate (molasse).

Sandstone, clay, conglomerate (continental)

20–100 m of red sandstone and siltstone; the base has ostracod-bearing grey marl interbedded with red siltstone and overlain by polymict conglomerate, passing up into red shaly sandstone.

Sandstone with subordinate shale (Mekhtar Sandstone).

Red to purple sandstone and shale (molasse)

Grey sandstone with red clay interbeds

Brown, fine- to coarse-grained sandstone in the upper part with shale and subordinate limestone below.

Gondwana glacial-to-fluvial clastics: Tobra tillite and diamictite, Dandot and Warchha sandstones, and Sardhai shale.

Sandstone, mudstone, conglomerate

White, cream or brown, thick-bedded to massive, cross-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone with subordinate argillaceous limestone and shale.

Thick cyclic submarine-fan and abyssal-plain turbidites: light-green micaceous, fine- to coarse-grained calcareous sandstone alternating with shale.

70° 04' 40'' E) where it consists of thick and resistant beds of sandstone with minor shale.

Intercalated sandstone, shale, mudstone and limestone (includes the Juzzak Formation and lower Gidar Dhor / basal Pishi successions of HSC).

Sandstone, shale, limestone, coal seams

Sandstone, shale and limestone with coal, carbonaceous beds and basaltic lava flows.

Mud and sandstone with poorly developed conglomerate.

Sandstone, siltstone, shale with marine fauna

Sandstone and shale with local conglomerate and limestone; sandstone fine to coarse, gritty, grey-green to brown.

Terrigenous alternation of sandstone and pelite.

Lateritic clay and mud with subordinate sandstone.

Terrestrial sandstone, shale, fire-clay and glass sand (Datta), marl-shale-limestone (Shinawari) and the massive Samana Suk Limestone.

Sandstone, shale, mudstone and shelly limestone.

Interbedded coarse, pebbly, cross-bedded sandstone and brown mudstone, siltstone, shale and conglomerate, with locally developed coal seams.

Red and purple sandstone with green mottling

Grey and brown sandstone with subordinate red to brownish-red sandy siltstone; mudstone-rich in the lower part.

Fluvial sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate (molasse).

Variegated sandstone, mudstone, conglomerate

Sandstone, shale with speckled appearance

About 170 m of arkosic sandstone interbedded with siltstone and black slate.

A lower unit of fine-grained, reddish, cross-laminated and ripple-marked sandstone with mud cracks and raindrop prints, overlain by pelite, marly limestone, oolitic calcarenite and oncoidal/cherty limestone.

Red shale alternating with siltstone, sandstone, quartzite and limestone, with thin conglomerates and lateritic beds marking repeated breaks in sedimentation.

Dark grey to black shale with thin limestone interbeds

Red shale alternated with flaggy sandstone

Green to grey shale and claystone interbedded with alabaster (gypsum), gypsiferous limestone and marl.

Several km of phyllites, shales and limestone with chlorite–epidote greenschists.

Thick shale with subordinate sandstone, limestone, coal, gypsum and laterite.

Mostly mudstone (the 'Upper Mudstone' of the Makran series).

Metasedimentary siltstone and quartzite intruded by granitic dykes, passing southward into schist, hornfels and migmatite.

Black, green, brown and red shale with thin beds of limestone, tuff and lava flows.

Red, grey and green claystone and siltstone with a sandstone-rich, ripple-marked lower part.

Shale, limestone, gypsum

Variegated shale, sandstone, laterite, fire clay

Dark-brown to greenish-grey claystone with limestone intercalations and subordinate calcareous sandstone in the upper part.

Variegated grey gypsiferous shale interbedded with calcareous, ferruginous, cross-bedded sandstone and fossiliferous argillaceous limestone.

Siltstone, sandstone and marl, with poorly sorted microconglomerate and dark red hematitic cross-bedded sandstone (ironstone) at its scoured base in the Baroghil region.

Shale, sandstone, coal, gypsum (deltaic to evaporitic)

Shale, sandstone, minor limestone

It consists of variegated shale and thin bedded limestone and marl with rare mafic intrusion and diabase flow.

Phosphatic shale and siltstone with phosphorite beds.

Calcareous mudstone and shale with minor siltstone and sandstone (deep-marine turbiditic).

Mudstone and shale with alternations of thin marl and limestone beds.

Siltstones, schists, slates and phyllites with quartzitic sandstone intercalations (the Katzarah schists).

Dark-grey mudstone and shale with thin limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone.

Shale, marl, sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, dolomite

Thick succession of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone; in ascending order siltstone with phosphatic nodules, oncoidal limestone, shale, dolomite with fusulinids, and grey cherty limestone and dolomite.

Black shale, siltstone, fine sandstone

Lower member of interbedded shale, mudstone and sandstone with phosphatic nodules; upper member of thick-bedded bioclastic and oolitic limestone and dolomite.

Marine alternating green shale and fine-grained sandstone.

Grey calcareous shale and mudstone with intercalations of arkosic sandstone and grey argillaceous limestone; sandier in the Sulaiman area, shalier in the Kirthar area.

Shale with minor sandstone and shelly limestone.

Shale, marl and limestone.

Lower part of interbedded dark shale, siltstone and cross-laminated feldspathic quartzarenite; upper part of fossiliferous dark grey limestone and marl interbedded with marly limestone.

Shale, marl with gypsum interbeds

Black shale (Sembar), limestone-shale-siltstone (Goru), sandstone (Mekhtar) and pelagic limestone (Parh).

Poorly bedded mudstone with minor siltstone and fine sandstone intercalations.

Shale, marl, limestone and sandstone, with coal in the lower part.

Dominantly red shales with subordinate sandstone and conglomerate.

Shale, siltstone, sandstone, marl and limestone with volcanic intercalations.

Black, carbonaceous, pyritic shale with subordinate siltstone, sandstone and thin limestone; thins westward.

Flysch shale and sandstone with subordinate limestone (Murgha Faqirzai shale and Mina/Panjgur sandstone).

Grey to olive-green laminated shale with marl, locally with nummulite-, gastropod- and bivalve-bearing layers.

Siltstones, schists, slates and phyllites with quartzitic sandstone intercalations (Katzarah schists).

Marine shale with sandstone

Shale and slate with siltstone and sandstone (metamorphosed near the Washuk ophiolite thrust).

Singhie shales (Baltoro formation ) is named after the Singhie glacier in the upper Shaksgam valley between Karakoram and Aghil ranges by Desio (1963), consists of black shales (like Pasu slates).

Grey mudstone/wackestone with rare dark chert, oncolitic limestone and bioclastic packstone.

Dark shale and marl interbedded with grey mudstone, thin-bedded cherty limestone, tuff and black shale.

Indurated dark-grey mudstone and shale with intercalations of thin limestone, calcareous mudstone and sandstone.

Shale and sandstone (flysch).

Thick, dark grey marly shale interbedded with fine-grained turbidites, calcarenite and volcanic debris.

Marly sandstone and dark-coloured limestone.

Brown to grey clay with subordinate fossiliferous marl and limestone interbeds and, in the middle part, grey calcareous sandstone; locally with celestite nodules in the north.

Marl and shale (Mughal Kot), reefoid limestone (Fort Munro) and sandstone (Pab), with the Vitakri red beds.

Conglomerate, mud and sandstone (foreland molasse).

Conglomerate with subordinate mud and sandstone.

Basal conglomerate, then intercalated shale, sandstone, siltstone and limestone (including the 'Hippuritic limestone' of Vredenburg), with thick volcanic beds.

Conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone with unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt and clay (same facies as the Kech Formation).

Conglomerate, mudstone and sandstone with an upper angular-unconformity surface.

Mainly conglomerate.

Boulder conglomerate, coarse gravel, sandstone

Quartzarenite, microconglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and limestone, with a cliff-forming carbonate upper part.

The Reshun Conglomerate: a lower psammite/conglomerate (Awi Conglomerate) overlain by micritic limestone and maroon shale.

Conglomerate, mud and sandstone (molasse).

Dominantly conglomerate with minor lenses of fine-grained quartzite.

Boulder conglomerate, sandstone, silt

Rock salt, gypsum, shale

Gypsum, anhydrite, shale

Basal Jatta Gypsum overlain by the Habib Rahi, Domanda, Pirkoh and Drazinda limestone-and-shale formations.

Thick gypsum at base, shale in upper part

Rock salt (Billianwala Salt Member), gypsum (Bandar Kas Gypsum Member), marl (Sahwal Marl Member)

Biotite granite, muscovite granite, leucogranite

Volcanic metasediments metamorphosed to chlorite–epidote greenschist, interbedded with slate, phyllite, minor carbonate layers and conglomerate; the lower part comprises amphibolite, marble and metapelite basement.

Ultrabasic, basic and intermediate rocks — altered pyroxenite and serpentinized peridotite — with rare granite (only as conglomerate pebbles).

Large mafic–ultramafic body — gabbronorite with serpentinized ultramafic rocks (dunite, harzburgite, pyroxenite), dolerite and gabbro; associated with the Babusar Pass mélange.

Pink biotite granite, aplite, pegmatite

Epidotised vesicular andesite with interbedded thin red shales.

Granodiorite, tonalite, diorite

Rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, andesite, granite, diorite, gabbro

Intercalated dacitic-andesitic lava flows and volcaniclastics.

Tourmaline-bearing leucogranite, two-mica granite

Ultramafic rocks (peridotite, dunite), gabbro, sheeted dykes, pillow lavas, chromite

Granite, rhyolite, basalt, granophyre

Crystalline basement (granite, gneiss — subsurface)

Granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite (subsurface)

Agglomerate, volcanic conglomerate, tuff and basaltic-andesitic lava with subordinate shale, sandstone and limestone.

Lavas, tuffs and agglomerates with lenses and beds of fossiliferous massive and shaly limestone.

Unfossiliferous siliceous schist, calcareous quartz-mica-garnet schist, marble and para-amphibolite.

Schist, phyllite, quartzite and extensive marble (metasediments up to lower-amphibolite facies).

Massive beds of marble, locally intruded by granite.

Slate, quartzite and crystalline limestone/marble (metasediments).

(1992) for the Girarai and Tursak formations exposed in the south of MCT in the Lesser Himalaya and consists of low-grade clac schist and marble and graphitic schist.

Marble, slate, graphitic schist and chlorite schist.

Karandoki slates named after the Karandoki stream 2 km south of Kalam (Tahirkheli 1979), consists of 120m grey, green and maroon slates contains layers of para-amphibole.

Granitic, biotite-rich orthogneiss together with metasedimentary gneiss, schist, metapsammite, marble and amphibolite, with komatiitic metavolcanics.

Metasedimentary schist, marble and paragneiss.

Dark-grey quartz–biotite schist with subordinate quartzite, marble and conglomerate.

Slate, dolomitic limestone and dolomite.

White to greyish-blue, intensely folded marble interbedded with amphibolite; the impure marble carries diopside, phlogopite and grossular garnet, with calc-silicate layers and locally green tremolite.

Agglomeratic slate.

Marble that splits into hectometric lenses wrapped in schist.

A thick sequence of slate, limestone, quartzite, conglomerate, schist, marble, gneiss and volcanics.

Baraul Banda slate (shale, greywacke, calcareous beds and volcanics) and the Utror volcanic formation.

Garnet–staurolite schist, garnet–mica schist, garnet amphibolite, crystalline marble and micaceous quartzite, with lenses of biotite gneiss.

Metapelite with less common gneiss and amphibolite and thick beds of crystalline limestone and dolomite; pelites carry a kyanite–staurolite–garnet–biotite–muscovite–plagioclase–quartz assemblage.

Dark schist overlain by and interbedded with graphitic slate, phyllite, schist and marble; garnet-schist horizons are conspicuous, and intrusive rocks are abundant.

Interlayered schists, paragneisses and amphibolites (the Gilgit–Kachura gneisses of Le Fort & Pecher).

Quartzite, slates, phyllite, tuffs and lava flows (the Hachi volcanics).

Amphibolite-grade biotite schist and gneiss, marble, calc-silicate gneiss and amphibolite.

Light-grey, partly phyllitic slate with a flysch-like character, with intercalations of sandstone, limestone, gypsum and graphite.

White-to-grey, fine-grained unfossiliferous quartzite with worm burrows and dark argillite beds in the middle.

Massive marble with aluminous schist, quartzite and dark amphibolite.

Augen gneiss, biotite-muscovite gneiss, migmatite

Schists and paragneisses (Gilgit Formation) overlain by the Gashu-Confluence Volcanics and the metavolcanic-bearing Thelichi Formation.

Grey to pinkish, cross-bedded feldspathic quartzite with subordinate argillite, a basal conglomerate, and crinoidal limestone with dark phyllite in the upper third.

Metapelite, schist, quartzite, marble, metaconglomerate and pegmatite (greenschist facies).

Thick dark graphitic schist, marble, with subordinate non-schistose metapsammite and metaconglomerate; a basal conglomerate (the Amlo Conglomerate) rests on the Besham Group.

Calcareous schist and schistose marble with massive white-to-grey marble, about 4000 m thick.

Phyllite and slate with subordinate limestone, dolomite and quartzite, intruded by basic dykes and sills.

Slate, phyllite, quartzite and dolomitic limestone (inferred).

Kamalban quartz-mica schist, quartzite, calc-schist and marble.

Biotite gneiss, quartzofeldspathic gneiss, amphibolite

Granoblastic, locally mylonitised quartz-mica-garnet schist (feldspathised and tourmalinised), in three main varieties — quartz-feldspar schist, quartz-mica-kyanite schist and quartz-mica-garnet schist — with thin graphitic and hornblende schist.

About 200 m of slate, siltstone, sandstone and limestone.

Garnetiferous schist, amphibolite, hornblende schist, psammitic schist and phlogopite marble.

Black slate, phyllite, quartzite

Marble (the Nikanai Ghar Marble).

Paragneiss, pelitic schist, calc-silicate, quartzite, marble

Metapelitic to metagreywacke gneiss.

Moderately metamorphosed lava flows and tuffs ('greenstones'; the Panjal volcanics), together with black agglomeratic slate — Carboniferous shale, slate and phyllite with quartzose agglomeratic sandstone.

A thick sequence comprising the Chushal and Panjal formations (agglomeratic slate and Panjal volcanic greenstones).

Slate and phyllite with intercalations of limestone and quartzite, and a basal conglomerate carrying quartzite, dolomite, limestone and argillite clasts.

Batal and Rajwal quartzites, Paludaran graphitic schist, quartz-mica schist, gneiss, pegmatite, aplite and granite gneiss.

Slate, limestone, siltstone and quartzite.

Calcareous and pelitic schist (the Saidu Schist).

Schist, phyllite, quartzite, carbonaceous material, marble

About 1000 m of schist, marl and conglomerate.

Green schist, micritic limestone, chert, dolomite, carbonate phyllite, sandstone and breccia.

Quartzites, slates, conglomerates and lava flows (includes the Hadda quartzite and the Sharban Formation).

High-grade garnetiferous calc-pelitic gneiss, pelitic gneiss (with kyanite and sillimanite), graphitic gneiss and marble, with sheet granites and amphibolite.

Amphibolite-grade biotite gneiss, amphibolite, calc-silicate gneiss, marble

Metasedimentary schists, slates, phyllites, quartzite and limestone.

Cross-bedded quartzites, phyllites and slates in the lower part; slates in the middle; phyllites and slates in the upper part. Overlain by the Asianwala quartzite.

Metaquartzite, metapsammite and garnet-mica schist (quartzite and schist).

Slates, marbles, metavolcanics and laminated sandstone.

Fine-grained slate and siltstone with fine sandstone intercalations.

Slate, phyllite, quartzite and dolomitic limestone.

Basal chert-rich conglomerate and arkosic sandstone with brachiopods, overlain by slate with metadolomite and quartzite.

Continental laterite, bauxite and pisolitic ironstone beds (best developed in the Kotli area of Azad Kashmir); partly marine northward near Muzaffarabad.

Cherty limestone with marl and fine tuff: a lower thick-bedded cherty limestone unit, a middle grey cherty limestone unit, and an upper unit, with a metabreccia up to 100 m thick between the middle and upper units.

A monotonous sequence (about 300 m) of dark grey, cherty mudstone and wackestone.

Cherty limestone.

Tillite, diamictite, boulder beds with striated clasts