Skip to content
Pakistan Stratigraphy

Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir Basin (Uppermost Indus)

Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir · Himalayan syntaxis and foreland

Eastern extension of Hazara basin with Precambrian basement, Paleozoic-Mesozoic cover, and Cenozoic molasse. Contains bauxite/laterite deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.

Units

12

Tectonic setting

Himalayan syntaxis and foreland

This reference records 12 units in the Azad Kashmir spanning 4 geological eras, most commonly metamorphic rocks, evaporite, limestone.

Correlate with other provinces → Explore the basin → Filter all units →

At a glance

12
units
4
eras
7
georeferenced
5
with fossils
10
type localities
3,500 m
max thickness
28
sources

Rock types

  • metamorphic rocks (5)
  • evaporite (1)
  • limestone (1)
  • sandstone (1)

Based on the primary lithology recorded for each unit; some units span more than one rock type.

Fossils recorded

  • Stromatolites (rare)
  • Stromatolites
  • Trace fossils
  • Rare plant fossils
  • Nummulites mamillatus
  • Nummulites atacicus
  • Assilina spinosa
  • Assilina laminosa
  • Assilina granulosa
  • Assilina exponens
  • Lockhartia tipperi
  • Lockhartia conditi
  • Alveolina
  • Operculina
  • Miliolids
  • Gastropods
  • Echinoids
  • Mammal bones
  • Freshwater molluscs
  • Plant fossils

Units in this province

12 units

Line these up against other basins on the correlation panel →

Era colours
  • Quaternary
  • Cenozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Paleozoic
  • Precambrian
Azad Kashmir
  1. Murree FormationFossils recordedNeogene
  2. Margala Hill LimestoneFossils recordedPaleogene
  3. Indus FormationFossils recordedCretaceous
  4. Panjal FormationCarboniferous–Permian
  5. Panjal GroupCarboniferous–Permian
  6. Surgun GroupCarboniferous–Mesozoic
  7. Abbottabad FormationFossils recordedCambrian
  8. Hazara FormationFossils recordedNeoproterozoic
  9. Kundalshahi GroupNeoproterozoic
  10. Salkhala FormationNeoproterozoic
  11. Naril GroupPrecambrian
  12. Mangla GneissPaleoproterozoic
SandstoneLimestoneMixedMetamorphicFossils recordedConformableUnconformity

Band colour = period; texture = dominant rock type. Lines between bands mark the contact type (wavy = unconformity inferred from a missing period). True scale makes height ∝ recorded thickness; hatched = thickness not recorded. Ages approximate, for ordering.